This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13066, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

Water management in the flow channel can enhance the mass transfer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). A lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) that can reflect the real physical properties of the fluid is proposed to explore the purging behavior of liquid water. The effects of temperatures and channel heights are investigated, and the results show that purging should be done immediately after shutdown to avoid the increase in droplet discharge time due to temperature reduction. The discharge time of droplets at 75°C is 31.03% less than that at 25°C. The height of the channel affects the shape change and speed of the droplet, and the reduction of height from 300 μm to 200 μm leads to a 45.76% reduction in droplet discharge time.

The resistance of titanium diboride (TiB₂) particles will change significantly under the action of external force. So it can be used as a variable resistor for fault current limiting. For this purpose, TiB₂ material is required to withstand large currents and voltages. Based on the previous research, the resistance variation characteristics of material under large currents are studied in this paper. Through experiments, the voltage’s withstanding capability of a material is studied under large resistance. It is found that the maximum voltage that the material can withstand is related to its physical properties and material size. Then, a prototype based on the fast repulsion mechanism is made. Experiments are carried out on the current limiting capability of granular material under different sizes. The experimental results show that the granular material has good current limiting capability. The larger the material size is, the better the current limiting effect is.

Transparent Inverted Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (IOLEDs) are a promising research area with unique characteristics and vast applications. They seamlessly integrate with n-type thin-film transistors, drawing significant research interest. IOLEDs stand out for their bidirectional light emission, distinct from traditional OLEDs. This bidirectional capability holds promise for transparent displays and lighting, ideal for innovation and high transparency. This study spotlights high-efficiency green phosphorescent transparent IOLEDs, featuring Li-doped BCP as the electron injection layer. Impressive performance metrics include a top-emission turn-on voltage of 4V, a maximum brightness of 11595 cd/m², and peak external quantum efficiency of 4.74%. A transparent top electrode structure (MoO₃/Ag(16nm)/HATCN) achieves exceptional 79.8% transmittance, enhancing transparency and hole-blocking for efficient light emission. In summary, Transparent Inverted Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (IOLEDs) lead optoelectronic research. Bidirectional emission, Lidoped BCP electron injection, and transparent electrodes (MoO₃/Ag/HATCN) offer innovation in transparent displays and lighting. Research enriches our understanding of organic light-emitting materials, promising future applications.

Cadmium ion (Cd²⁺) is one of the most poisonous metallic pollutants, which would lead to many health issues due to it can accumulate in body through food chain and cannot undegradability. Herein, a new disposable screen printed electrochemical aptamer sensor (aptasensor) was designed to detect Cd²⁺ in water environments. Multilayer Nb₄C₃T_x (ML-Nb₄C₃T_x) was firstly modified onto the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface as the substrate materials to support large surface area, and later gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were loaded onto the surface of ML-Nb₄C₃T_x through electrodeposition. Subsequently, the double-stranded DNA including aptamers was self-assembly onto the modified electrode surface by the bond of Au-S. Due to its high specificity towards Cd²⁺, the aptamers tagged with ferrocene would specifically combine with Cd²⁺ to form folded structures, and then leave from the electrode surface. After that, the current changes of electrochemical aptasensor can be detected by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed aptasensor exhibits a good linear relationship between the current values with the logarithm of Cd²⁺ concentrations from 0 to 1000 μg/L, and its LOD was calculated as 0.08 μg/L (S/N=3). Besides, the electrochemical aptasensor shows high sensitivity, great selectivity, acceptable reproducibility and good stability.

Based on the design featuring two rings and a cross on the surface, we propose a multi-band absorber utilizing a hybrid metal-silicon (Si) metasurface. This absorber is specifically designed to detect the refractive index of the surrounding environment. Through numerical simulation, we thoroughly investigated and analysed the performance of the absorber. The top layer of the structure consists of two rings that interact with the central cross, enabling multi-band resonance absorption. Our simulation results demonstrated the presence of four absorption peaks at frequencies of 2.3 THz, 3.79 THz, 5.79 THz, and 7.30 THz, with corresponding absorption efficiencies of 79.0%, 99.7%, 97.2% and 99.7%, respectively. Notably, the minimum Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) value is achieved only 0.13 THz. Therefore, our proposed multi-band metasurface absorber exhibits significant potential for sensor applications.

In order to obtain the characteristics of orange penicillium growth on the surface of paper cultural relics, a reflective concave stepped oblique lens fiber optic sensor was developed. And in order to be more in line with the characteristics of paper artefacts, the paper artefacts were subjected to ink dyeing treatment. The sensor was used to monitor and analyse the growth process of Penicillium oryzae on the surface of ink-dyed cotton paper samples and burlap samples, and the structure and height of Penicillium oryzae biofilm were characterized by super depth-of-field microscope. The study shows that the sensor can accurately measure the biofilm height of the growth information of Penicillium oryzae on the surface of ink-dyed paper samples, and the output signal of the sensor has a linear relationship with the biofilm height of Penicillium oryzae.

We report a Biosensor Based on Ex-TFG Coated with Molybdenum disulfide. From RI~156.342nm/RIU of bare grating to 167.739nm/RIU, then the antibody test of foot-and-mouth disease antigen detection was carried out. It was calculated that the dissociation constant K_D of the sensor was about 1.35×10^-9M, and the affinity constant KA was about 7.4×108M-1. The experimental results show that the sensor has good detection effect and good biocompatibility.

In recent years, organic solar cells (OSCs) have gradually become the focus of renewable energy research. In order to predict the photovoltaic characteristics of OSCs more accurately and efficiently, researchers have incorporated numerous machine learning models into their studies. In this research, we designed and implemented a neural network model based on molecular fingerprints and applied it to the study of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) prediction of OSCs. We explored the impact of different organic photovoltaic material structures and feature extraction methods on the prediction of the PCE. Through experimental evaluations, the model not only achieved good experimental results in terms of material structure and PCE prediction but also compared the feature extraction methods of different molecular fingerprints. It was found that both Morgan and Circular fingerprints performed excellently in multiple scenarios.

In order to solve the problems of low localization rate and poor stability of laser ranging system, a system based on the TDC-GP22 timing unit and the pulsed laser ranging method in the time-of-flight (TOF) method is designed to realize laser ranging. The domestic AL0905P75WT18-03FW laser diode and power MOS tube are used as the laser transmitter module to realize the high stability of laser emission, and the domestic AA-S0905 L0500 LCC3-2-B avalanche diode is used as the laser detector to convert the optical signal into current signal, which is further processed by amplification, filtering and so on and then passed through the TDC-GP22 to realize the laser distance measurement. After further processing, the light signal is converted into current signal through amplification, filtering and other further processing, through TDC-GP22 timing, thus realizing laser distance measurement. The system adopts domestic light source and photodetector, domestic voltage regulator chip, operational amplifier and FPGA chip, which improves the reliability, stability and autonomy of the system.

The reliability of semiconductor devices is a key indicator to measure the reliability of electronic devices. In view of the difficulties in modeling, low prediction accuracy and long prediction period faced by traditional reliability prediction methods of semiconductor devices, a deep learning based reliability prediction method of semiconductor devices is proposed in this paper. Besides, the accelerated degradation test data set of bipolar transistors under constant stress of temperature and humidity is analyzed, and the failure sensitive parameter I_cbo of transistors is determined. The Data Fitting, LSTM, GRU and GRU-LSTM models are used to predict the trend of I_cbo degradation of three transistors which are randomly selected from data set. The prediction results of device storage life using data fitting method and GRU-LSTM model are compared, and it is found that the overall distribution of device storage life predicted by the two methods is similar, but the prediction accuracy of GRU-LSTM model is higher and more suitable to the actual situation. This paper can provide some reference for predicting the reliability of domestic semiconductor devices.

In this study, a novel coupling strategy of visible-light photocatalytic hollow optical fiber and graphite carbon nitride matrix composite was proposed to enhance the performance of photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ and the efficiency of light energy utilization. The composite material (TMOF/CNNS) composed of TMOF-10-NH₂ (TMOF) and g-C₃N₄ (CNNS) has an enhanced charge separation efficiency. The synthesized TMOF/CNNS photocatalyst was coated on the surface of the optical fiber. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalytic hollow optical fiber for the gas-phase reduction of CO₂ was evaluated in the wavelength range of 380-780 nm. Compared with the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ in the gas phase with CNNS-coated hollow quartz fiber and CNNS-coated filter paper, the TMOF/CNNS-coated hollow quartz fiber significantly improved the CO₂ yield and selectivity of CO.

In this work, we introduced a polymer-based fiber Bragg grating sensor for carbon dioxide (CO₂). The device integrates a polymer coating on the fiber Bragg grating sensor as a CO₂-sensitive region, and then a hydrophobic zeolite is coated on the surface to isolate water vapor interference. To eliminate the effect of temperature on the sensor detection performance, an uncoated fiber Bragg grating was introduced as a temperature compensation unit. Then, a CO₂ detection system was constructed to simulate the carbon sequestration environment to calibrate the CO₂ concentration for sensors and to analyze the sensor performance under different environmental conditions. The experimental analysis shows that the fiber Bragg grating CO₂ sensor not only has high CO₂ sensitivity, but also has excellent reversibility and stability in high temperature and high humidity environments.

We demonstrated compact intracavity-pumped Ho: YAG slab lasers utilizing diode-pumped a-cut and b-cut Tm: YAP slab lasers at room temperature, respectively. In the Tm laser experiment, we conducted detailed investigations on both the acut and b-cut Tm: YAP lasers, achieving maximum output powers of 8.5 W at 1.99 μm and 9.2 W at 1.94 μm under the incident LD power of 31.8 W, respectively. In the intracavity-pumped Ho configuration, a-cut Tm: YAP laser pumped Ho: YAG laser obtained a maximum output power of 3.2 W at 2.12 μm with a slope efficiency of 16.9%. This is slightly lower compared to the b-cut Tm: YAP laser pumped Ho: YAG laser, which reached a maximum output power of 3.4 W at 2.12 μm with a slope efficiency of 20.8% in the same cavity. To our knowledge, this represents the highest output power of Tm: YAP intracavity-pumped Ho: YAG laser. Additionally, the beam quality factors M² of the Ho: YAG laser were estimated to be better than 1.2 in both the horizontal and vertical directions. This indicates the appearance of near-diffraction-limited beam quality.

This study introduces a novel method for in-situ temperature measurement within photothermal porous materials for solar-driven interfacial evaporation. By embedding fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) sensor arrays into the solar receiver constructed via a PDMS-CNPs sponge, 3D temperature distribution within the porous structure was reconstructed. Effects of the input light intensity and different working modes on the dynamic temperature response and the heat transfer characteristics were investigated. The results reveal that a thermal equilibrium could be quickly established within the photothermal porous material, and the heat loss to the bulk fluid could be significantly reduced by heat insulation configurations. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method in in-situ temperature field monitoring for photothermal porous materials, which can be further applied in solar receiver construction and optimization of the solar evaporator for solar-driven interfacial applications.

The purpose of this study is to present a technique for enhancing multi-rotor spoke microphone array configurations through the utilisation of the Multiple Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) to meet the acoustic positioning demands of small UAVs. First, we analyse the pros and cons of both the Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA) and the MPGA. Then, we construct the objective function using the main lobe width and peak side-lobe level as the optimisation parameters. To simplify the process, we determine the distance from the origin to each array element on a rotating arm and represent these coordinates as an array along the spoke of the rotating arm. This array serves as a sample individual based on the rotational symmetry of multiple rotating arms. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the method effectively enhances the resolution of the array in the UAV noise band by narrowing the main lobe width while maintaining the maximum sub-lobe level. Furthermore, this methodology showcases efficient convergence speed and resilience, emphasising the viability of utilising MPGA for the purpose of microphone array design. The current study introduces an effective optimisation approach for constructing microphone arrays used in acoustic positioning systems for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The proposed method improves the performance and accuracy of acoustic localisation systems for UAVs and provides reliable technical support for monitoring and locating UAV missions.

In recent years, devices replicating the modulating effect of lenses have emerged, some based on principles of diffraction, phase change, or metallic resonance. With the advent of metasurfaces, devices have been created that use sub-wavelength microstructures based on the generalized Snell's law to achieve continuous phase change and thus manipulate the THz wavefront. In this paper, we endeavor to utilize liquid crystals, based on the generalized Snell's law, designing a terahertz modulating element working on geometric phase, enabling it to function like a terahertz lens. The experimental results confirmed that our THz liquid crystal lens, designed based on geometric phase and stemming from the generalized Snell's law, possesses sufficient modulation effect, demonstrating the feasibility of liquid crystal modulation in the THz frequency range.

One of the key factors of laser gyro measurement error is the working state of the frequency stabilized servo system. Improving the performance of the frequency stabilized servo system is conducive to improving the measurement accuracy of the gyro. In this paper, a digital frequency stabilizing and locking servo system scheme of laser gyro is proposed. The locking control is added to the digital small jitter frequency stabilizing method to improve the measurement accuracy of the gyro and reduce the influence of laser gyro backlight scattering. With the addition of the lock control system, the gyro control 100-second variance increased from 8.92‰ ~ 11.7‰ to 6.11‰ ~ 6.96‰, and the precision improvement ratio was better than 22.3%.

In order to improve the purity, compactness and uniformity of magnetron sputtering deposited films at a lower cost, a dual-chamber DC heating filament auxiliary ion source was designed which can activate oxygen. The working parameters of the auxiliary ion source were changed in the experiment to explore their influence on the optical parameters of the films deposited by magnetron sputtering coater. By comparing the transmittance, refractive index and relative thickness of the films which was deposited under different processing conditions, it is finally proved that the auxiliary ion source designed in this work can improve the transmittance, compactness and uniformity of the single-layer films of Ta₂0₅ and SiO₂ which was coated in this experiment. Thus, the coating quality and effective coating area of the original magnetron sputtering coating machine are improved, and it does have certain practical significance for improving the efficiency of the coating.

This study investigates the influence of the fiber ring filters on the laser frequencies output by a laser system. The approach involves the integration of fiber rings with varying lengths via a spectrally tunable coupler, culminating in the generation of a comb spectrum characterized by two distinct frequency spacings within the primary ring cavity. Subsequent to this, selective frequency filtering is attained by adjusting the central frequency of the fiber tunable filter. Through simulation verification, the laser system is capable of outputting single-frequency laser light at 10.1 nm spacings within the tuning range of 1529.93-1560.22 nm and at 6.4 nm spacings within the range of 1530.95-1562.96 nm.

The multicoil resonator based on microfiber possesses a three-dimensional configuration in which the entire cavity is situated within the coupling region, such that its resonant modes are not only related to the transmission phase, but also affected by the coupled state. Therefore, the transmission of light in the multicoil resonator and its sensitivity enhancement in refractive index and inertial sensing are explored. The sensitivity enhancement for refractive index sensing in an MCR can be significantly improved up to 2.5 when the MCR has more than 6 turns. Moreover, this sensitivity enhancement is expected to remain consistent for inertial sensing.

CoPU films with different complexing ratios were synthesized by coordination modification experiments on polyurethane using cobalt chloride as the complexing agent. In view of the phenomena that the colour of CoPU film changed from blue to pink and the transparency decreased during the process of storage in a humidity environment, the FT-IR spectra and the humidity response of the transmittance were studied. The results show that CoPU films absorb water to form a coordinated crystalline water structure in the humidity environment, and the cobalt ion configuration changes from sp³ tetrahedron state to d²sp³ octahedron state, resulting in the change of colour and transparency. This process is reversible. Meanwhile, there is a good linear relationship between the moisture absorptivity and the average transmittance of the visible light region of the low complexing ratio material films, which has application prospects of photosensitive humidity-responsive polyurethane materials.

A photothermal electrode was prepared using carbon wood as the substrate and carbon-nitrogen-iron as the catalyst, harnessing the excellent photothermal properties of carbon wood to facilitate CO₂ reduction. First, we analyzed the structural features of carbon wood. It possesses an abundance of vertical microchannels that favor material transport. Additionally, its high surface area and mesoporous structure provide suitable sites for the reaction. Secondly, the photothermal properties of carbon wood were investigated, showing its efficient light absorption and photothermal conversion capabilities, allowing effective utilization of solar energy. Finally, a photothermal-assisted CO₂ reduction system was constructed, using titanium dioxide as the photoanode and carbon wood loaded with carbon-nitrogen-iron as the photothermal cathode. Solar irradiation effectively increased the reaction temperature, enabling the carbon-nitrogen-iron catalyst, which exhibits a thermal response effect, to perform more efficiently. Further studies revealed that rapid evaporation of the solution at the carbon wood cathode created a favorable three-phase interfacial microenvironment for CO₂ reduction, enhancing the reaction efficiency. As a result, the CO yield reached 40.8 μmol cm^-2 h^-1, which was 5.9 times higher than that achieved under non-photothermal conditions.

Paper cultural relics are important carriers of splendid history and culture, and have important historical research value. As paper is mainly rich in cellulose, starch and protein, paper cultural relics are prone to mould, insects and other microorganisms in the process of long-term preservation, leading to corrosion, deterioration and even destruction of cultural relics. Fumigation method is currently more widely used in a rapid means of control of cultural relics of mould and mildew, fumigant residue detection is the establishment of a set of scientific fumigation method in an indispensable part. In this paper, for the surface of paper cultural relics there are fumigant residues and no residues of spectral characteristics of the variability, based on the characteristics of spectral nondestructive testing, using BP neural network algorithm, SVM algorithm, KNN algorithm, 1D-CNN algorithm were established to establish discriminatory models, according to the different models of the discrimination accuracy of the model performance assessment, select the optimal modelling method.

This paper introduces the application of infrared thermal imaging detection technology in the field of special pressure equipment, and conducts application research on the infrared characteristics of corrosion thinning on the inner and outer walls of pressure vessels. The conclusions include: the infrared image features of corrosion thinning pits on the outer wall of pressure vessels are not affected by temperature changes and can maintain relatively consistent detection contrast; Compared with the infrared detection results of corrosion pits on the outer wall of the container, the infrared contrast of corrosion pits on the inner wall is relatively low; The deeper the corrosion pits on the inner and outer walls of the container, the higher the detection contrast. The shallower the corrosion pits on the inner wall, the lower the detection contrast. This phenomenon has been explained. The research results of this article have good guiding significance for the infrared online detection of pressure vessels.

In order to improve the Couple efficiency of optoelectronic transmission, an efficient optocoupler is designed. A simulation model of the optoelectronic Couple system is established using Zemax software, and the structure of the optoelectronic Couple system is optimized using the orthogonal descent method. The optical signal emitted by the vertical cavity surface laser with a wavelength of 850nm is coupled into the fiber, and the Couple efficiency of the optoelectronic Couple system is simulated and analyzed. The Couple efficiency is fitted using Origin software Curve diagram between Couple loss and alignment offset. The design and simulation results show that the maximum Couple efficiency of optoelectronic transmission is 92.71%, and the maximum loss generated by optoelectronic Couple is 0.7dB. According to the high-precision assembly requirements of optoelectronic devices, the photoelectric transmission efficiency has not been significantly affected.

To achieve non-contact non-destructive detection of corrosion in metal artifacts, this paper presents a novel metal corrosion detection system employing a pulsed modulation laser source, MEMS scanning micro-mirror, optical lens assembly, photoelectric detector, and FPGA. The detection system's measurement theoretical model is established, and corrosion measurements are conducted on corroded metal samples using the developed system. The research reveals that corrosion products adhering to the surface of metal samples reduce the reflectance of light, leading to a decrease in the light flux reaching the photoelectric detector and a subsequent reduction in the output voltage of the detection system. The corrosion intensity of metal artifacts can be detected by acquiring the output voltage of the detection system. Simultaneously, the corrosion behavior characteristics of metallic specimens can be identified based on the scanning voltage of the detection system.

To obtain in situ real-time information on temperature and micro-strain changes in the body of stone cultural relics during chemical corrosion damage, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) detection system was prepared. A theoretical model of the sensor to monitor the temperature and micro-strain was established. The temperature and micro-strain changes of the sandstone samples under deionized water with alkaline solutions and temperatures were examined online in-situ using the FBG measurement system. The results show that the material conversion exothermic chemical reaction between sandstone and NaOH solution and the reaction with deionization are dissolution reactions.

Hydrogen energy is a renewable clean energy source with strong potential, which comes from a wide range of sources and produces no pollutants during the combustion process. Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) hydrogen production utilizes solar energy as the main energy for photoelectrochemical reaction to produce hydrogen, which is green and environmentally friendly. Most of performance tests of PEC hydrogen production systems still remain on the overall performance test, neglecting the influence of microscopic particles with different positions and different concentrations on the surface of the photocatalytic membrane on the hydrogen production performance. Here, we use surface plasmon resonance tilted fiber Bragg grating (SPR-TFBG) sensors, fiber Bragg grating hydrogen (H-FBG) sensors, and fiber Bragg grating temperature (T-FBG) sensors for real-time in-situ monitoring of surface ion concentrations, hydrogen concentrations, and temperatures at different locations on the surface of the photoelectrode of a PEC hydrogen production system. A positive correlation was found between the ion concentration on the photoelectrode surface and the amount of hydrogen production, which indicates that real-time monitoring of the ion concentration on the surface of the photo-electrode can effectively reflect the performance of hydrogen production at different locations on the surface of the photoelectrode.

FBG is used to construct pH and strain fiber optic sensors to realize online detection of oxalic acid corrosion process of sandstone artifacts. The pH fiber optic sensor uses a PVA/PAA hydrogel as the sensitive material and the fiber optic is held in a half-open PTFE tube by a UV adhesive. The de-coated FBG is fixed to the surface of the relics with epoxy resin to detect strain in the relics. The research results of this paper will provide an important reference for analyzing the acid dissolution corrosion mechanism of stone cultural relics and preventive protection of cultural relics, and promote the scientific and technological development and engineering application of physicochemical FBG sensors.

As the most ideal alternative gas for SF₆ at present, i-C₄F₇N has attracted the attention of many scientists. The study of the breakdown characteristics of i-C₄F₇N gas mixtures is of great significance for the development and engineering application of eco-friendly electrical equipment. In this paper, we investigated the breakdown characteristics of i-C₄F₇N/CO₂ gas mixtures under different mixing ratios, pressures and electric fields. Further, we analyzed the influence of the nonuniformity of the electric field and AC power source on breakdown voltage In addition, we propose a three-component insulation gas solution, which includes i-C₄F₇N, CO₂ and O₂(1-9%).

Rhodamine B dye wastewater is a harmful pollutant to the environment and human health. Nano zinc oxide can achieve good degradation effects through ultraviolet photodegradation. Based on this, this report characterizes the samples through SEM and XRD, and investigates the influence of zinc oxide preparation on the degradation rate of Rhodamine B from four aspects: catalyst calcination temperature, catalyst calcination time, different catalyst mass concentrations, and different Rhodamine B solution mass concentrations. The research results show that when the calcination temperature is 500°C, the dosage of the sample in the photocatalytic process is 4 g/L, and the initial concentration of Rhodamine B is 10 mg/L, the photocatalytic degradation effect is the best, and the degradation rate can reach 100% after 1 h.

In order to achieve online non-destructive testing of mold growth and detection on wooden cultural relics, this paper proposes a reflective fiber optic sensor composed of one transmitting fiber and six inclined receiving fibers. The sensor is used to conduct experimental research on the growth of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Cladosporium cultivated on wooden samples, and the relationship between the spectral information, absorbance, and growth height of the two molds is obtained. The experimental results indicate that the sensor can identify and accurately measure mold on the surface of wooden cultural relics, and the proposed sensor has good application prospects in the field of cultural relic detection.

In this work, we introduced a sound source localization system based on fiber optic FP cavity microphones using time difference of arrival, and conducted experimental analysis on the positioning accuracy of localization system within a range of 1m×1m. We applied cross correlation to estimate the time difference of arrival, and combined Chan localization algorithm and Taylor localization algorithm to estimate the coordinate position of the sound source. Experimental results indicated that the maximum deviation between the estimated coordinates and the actual sound source coordinates in the x-axis and y-axis directions was less than 2.35 cm.

The wind pressures on solar panels supported by columns on a hill with slopes of 15° and 30° were detected by wind tunnel test. Based on the time records of wind pressure at each tap, the variations of mean wind load coefficients on upper, lower, and net surfaces were analyzed, and the effects of the hill slope were investigated. The results show that the solar panels at the hill top are the most unfavorable because they experience relatively larger mean wind load coefficients of upper, lower, and net surfaces. When the hill slope increases from 15° to 30°, the most critical wind directions that cause the largest mean wind pressures change little, but the associated mean largest mean wind pressure changes a lot. The net pressure coefficients on solar panels decrease significantly at the hill foot while changing little when located at the middle hill and increasing at the hill top.

In this paper, we demonstrate a high-Q LNOI microdisk coupling with a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) optical waveguide. Its resonance characteristic can be turned by a thermistor on the microdisk resonator. The LNOI microdisk resonator is fabricated by inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE). Its sidewall is further smoothed by employing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to improve the quality factor (Q-factor). The LNOI/Si₃N₄ heterogeneous integrated resonator shows a Q-factor of 2.58 × 10⁵, and a wavelength tunability of ~14.5 pm/W.

The microscopic evaluation of tissues is greatly aided by histological staining, which plays an important role in diagnostic pathology and life science research, but histological staining is often labor-intensive and expensive. Unlike conventional microscopy methods, multiphoton microimaging does not require any special labeling or staining of the sample prior to observation. Histologically stained pathology images can now be acquired by deep learning thanks to advancements in the field of image generation and image transformation. In this paper, we use deep learning network to perform virtual staining on the acquired multiphoton microscopy images, and the results show that the histological stained images generated by virtual staining can show most of the details in the original images, which is close to the original stained images, and it is feasible to perform virtual staining on multiphoton images using deep learning.

Radome is the typical microwave (MW) and infrared (IR) source, but the stealth principles of these two bands are the contradictory, making it difficult to achieve MW-IR compatible camouflage with a single material. Metamaterials, due to their unique structure, can manipulate electromagnetic waves to achieve specific functions. In this paper, a compatible stealth flexible metamaterial is proposed, which can realize passband filtering in MW band and selective radiation in IR band. For achieving optimal IR selection radiation and maximum MW selective transmission, the inverse design is used for optimization. Accordingly, the flexible metamaterial integrates IR-MW compatible stealth, MW communication and radiation cooling. It shows low emissivity in the two main bands of IR detection (_{ε3~5 μm}=0.098, _{ε8~14 μm}=0.100), and relatively high emissivity outside these two bands (_{ε5~8 μm}=0.513), while achieving a high transmittance of 98.8% in the WM band. This provides a reasonable guidance for the design of MW-IR stealth materials with specific frequency selection.

In this paper, the effect of turbidity in BOD standard solutions was investigated by using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectral data of ten BOD standard solutions with different concentrations and six BOD standard solutions with the same concentration but different turbidities were collected, and the Monte-Carlo algorithm was used for feature extraction after pre-processing the spectral data, and based on this, a regression model for BOD concentration and a regression model for turbidity were established by using the least squares method. Based on the analysis and research of the models, the reasons for the positive relationship between turbidity and fluorescence intensity were discussed in the article, and the compensation formula for the influence of turbidity on BOD concentration was calculated, which laid the foundation for the further establishment of a more reliable BOD concentration regression model.

A microwave photonic mixer for up and down-conversion with high spurs suppression and image rejection is proposed. Dual parallel in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) modulators and 90-degree electrical hybrid couplers (HCs) are used to realize carrier-suppressed single-sideband (CS-SSB) modulation. The +1/-1st-order sideband of the local oscillator (LO) can be selected by the tunable optical bandpass filter (OBPF) to achieve both up and down-conversion. In the upconversion, a wide upconverted radio frequency (RF) frequency range of 15-37 GHz is achieved. A broad downconverted bandwidth of 8-40 GHz is obtained in the downconversion. Furthermore, a Brillouin-assisted notch filter is used to attenuate the image signal to compensate for the incomplete filtering introduced by the OBPF. In this way, an image rejection ratio (IRR) of more than 60 dB can be obtained when the downconverted intermediate frequency (IF) is 2 GHz. Moreover, the spurs suppression ratio is over 50 dB for both up and downconversion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported spurs suppression in a microwave photonic mixer.

With the rapid development of information technology, traditional neural networks used as feature extraction networks can improve the network’s fitting ability but may lose information for small object detection, resulting in low accuracy. In this paper, the image acquisition device and Unet detection model were built independently. The algorithm accurately detects the sensor chip overflow using image processing techniques with OpenCV. Finally, the detected images are presented using PyQt.Experimental results show that the improved Unet-glue algorithm achieves better segmentation accuracy for chip overflow. It also demonstrates strong robustness and practicality in the field of small object defect detection.

X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT), as a non-invasive imaging technique, has attracted much attention for its simulation and reconstruction. In this study, we built a simulation model of cone-beam X-ray fluorescence CT using Geant4 and simulated the propagation and interaction process of X-rays in the phantom by Monte Carlo simulation. Then, we acquired the projection data and used the FDK (Feldkamp-Davis-Kress) resolution algorithm to reconstruct the images in three dimensions. The results show that cone-beam X-ray fluorescence CT combined with the FDK algorithm can effectively reconstruct the images, which provides strong support for non-invasive imaging and trace element distribution analysis.

Body temperature is one of the most basic physiological parameters of the human body, and real-time monitoring of body temperature can help us to understand the human body's disease conditions and provide timely solutions for patients to save their lives. In this paper, a wearable Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor based on a wearable sensor to achieve smart clothing temperature measurement system researched, to achieve non-contact body temperature detection. The sensor is encapsulated in an aluminium tube with good expansibility and stability, and then implanted into the armpit parts of the smart clothing without damaging the FBG, The clothing become a truly wearable “fabric sensor” whose comfort is improved and the body temperature can be accurately measured at the same time. The experimental results show that the different between the measured data and the real data is within ±0.3°C.

In recent years, the demand for location services has been increasing, but due to issues such as insufficient communication network bandwidth and scarce spectrum resources, positioning technology based on visible light systems has received widespread attention. Based on the strength of the received signal, the positioning method based on RSS can easily calculate the distance between LED and detector. Due to its low cost and high accuracy, it has become a hot topic in the field of indoor positioning research. However, due to the fluctuation of LED power, the performance of the RSS method is greatly limited, and its application effectiveness is greatly limited. This paper proposes a positioning algorithm that utilizes fixed detector compensation to solve the problem of low positioning accuracy caused by LED light intensity fluctuations.

It is of great practical significance for the state of charge (State of Charge, SOC). At present, the application of a single SOC estimation method can not get the optimal SOC estimate value well, resulting in a large deviation of the estimation. In view of the above problems, the joint application scheme of AH + EKF is proposed. First, the first-order RC circuit model was selected for parameter identification based on the battery discharge data, and then using the Beijing electric bus measured data (Bulk Battery Data System Test, BBDST) compared several estimation method, when a single AH integral method and EKF algorithm, the maximum error of 17.7% and 20.2%, respectively, using the method of AH and EKF algorithm overall maximum error is not more than 1%, the joint application of the algorithm has a very good estimation effect.

Efficient and stable Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been successfully produced using a dual-layer modified (DLM) perovskite thin film. This method simultaneously modifies both the bottom (SnO₂/perovskite) and top (perovskite/Spiro- OMeTAD) interfaces of the perovskite. The crystallinity of the perovskite film is enhanced after the DLM treatment. Additionally, thin barrier layers are formed on both its bottom and top surfaces, which reduce surface defect density and non-radiative recombination of carriers. The bottom and top modifier layers prevent direct contact between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, forming a high-energy barrier that promotes carrier transmission in PSCs. Consequently, the methylammonium acetate (MAAc)-PSC achieves an efficiency of 21.96%.

Aiming at the problem that the photovoltaic array fault diagnosis method based on traditional machine learning algorithm requires a large number of training sets, a photovoltaic array fault diagnosis method based on similarity matching was proposed to realize the accurate diagnosis of different degrees of faults under small-scale training sets. Firstly, the photovoltaic array was accurately modeled based on the circuit model of the photovoltaic module, and the multivariate equations model of the photovoltaic battery string was constructed, which could realize the fault simulation setting of each battery module. Secondly, according to the difference of the output P-V curves when different faults occur, the similarity features of P-V curves are extracted, and a fault diagnosis method of PV array based on k-Medoids clustering algorithm is proposed. The fault types of PV array are found by clustering matching between actual PV array P-V curves and typical fault P-V curves. Finally, the method is proved to have high diagnostic accuracy by an example analysis, which provides a feasible method for photovoltaic array fault diagnosis.

This article presents the design of a FPGA-based serial control and detection module that emulates the 1553B protocol. The module integrates a custom serial control and detection communication protocol within the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which defines the message formats for data, command, and acknowledgment words. It utilizes Manchester encoding for signal debugging and employs a command-response mode for data transmission. The module exhibits high resistance to interference. Compared to the 1553B bus, this design offers several innovations. Firstly, it significantly reduces software development efforts while ensuring reliable transmission by utilizing a command-response-based data transfer method. Secondly, it addresses the issues of long software retransmission time and poor real-time performance in handling response errors by implementing a hardware automatic retransmission mechanism. Thirdly, the hardware design, employing FPGA and RS485 physical interface, greatly reduces the overall design cost compared to the 1553B chip solution. Lastly, the integration of a PCI Express interface enables the module to be applied on different processor platforms. These innovations make this design highly adaptable for small unmanned platforms such as unmanned vehicles, and it holds promising prospects for a wide range of applications.

This article introduces the basic principles of traditional hysteresis control methods, deduces the relationship between switching frequency and hysteresis loop width, and analyzes and studies the reasons for the unstable switching frequency under hysteresis control, as well as the impact of switching frequency on control accuracy. On this basis, a constant frequency adaptive hysteresis control is proposed. When deriving the formula for calculating the loop width, the reference current slope is taken into consideration, and the relationship between the inductor current on the grid-connected side during the rising and falling phases and the loop width is expressed in sections, thereby achieving real-time regulation of the loop width to ensure constant switching frequency. Finally, simulation results confirm that using this method can achieve a fixed switching frequency in inverter grid connection, and achieve high tracking accuracy under high-frequency switching.

The mechanical strength is an important performance for elevators, and it is directly related to the safety of the elevator passengers. Standard regulations has strict technical requirements for this performance in China. In this paper, a novel inspecting method based on strength-deformation synchronous measurement is proposed for carrying out quantitative testing of mechanical strength in elevators. In order to optimize the accuracy of the system, the measurement instrument performs Kalman filtering on the pressure sensor data during the measurement process to make the data smoother and closer to the real value. The processed data is then used in displacement measurement methods to obtain the elastic deformation and permanent deformation data of the elevator shaft wall. Experimentation is conducted to verify the validity of the proposed method with high accuracy in elevators.