This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6637, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.

Capacity of different segments of Russian display market, Production of display products and components at Russian regions, Prospects of display development and production in Russia and CIS are reviewed in the paper.

Design and manufacturing process of a full color LED microdislay fabricated by standard CMOS technology and containing an array of aluminum/nanostructured porous silicon reverse biased light emitting Schottky diodes is discussed. Being ofa solid state construction, these microdisplays are cost-effective, thin and light in weight due to very simple device architecture. Its benefits include also super high resolution, wide viewing angles, fast response time and wide operating temperature range. The advantages of full integration of an LED-array and driving circuitry onto a Sichip is also discussed.

In this paper the basic results of researches of influence of preliminary substrate preparation on OLED structure properties are considered. The influence of deposition methods of organic layers and their thickness on the OLED electrooptical characteristics is analyzed. The gauged values of brightness, current and electrical regime for various thickness charge transport layers, and the calculated values ofenergetic efficiency are presented. Moreover the various ways of hermetic encapsulation (developed in R&DI "Volga") that allow to brake degradation process of organic layers in OLED to structure are considered. Besides, the comparative analysis of hermetic encapsulation methods on durability of devices is presented.

In the present paper the problem which is important for modern microelectronics - a raise of effectiveness of carrier charge transfer by means of making an internal field is considered. For this purpose we create structures, which besides standard layers, such as HTL and ETL, contain layers consisting of polymers with the internal charge, such as PSS, PAH. Theoretical calculations show that the addition of these layers into multilayer OLED structures can lower potential energy barrier between organic layers and electrodes, and this will allow rising the effectiveness of the charge transfer emission and consequently also a number of excitons in working area of the display.

A novel electrophoretic (EP) technique for depositing and patterning phosphors (or other powder components) is under development: EPD in a high viscous medium onto specific points on the conductive substrate.

The notion ofusing a laser CRT as monochromatic light source for passive display technologies is discussed. Optimism for such an application is based on the high efficiency (more than O %) of "red" lasers obtained in GaInP/AlGaInP multi-quantum well (MQW) structures. A miniature vacuum tube designed as a light source is presented. Technological issues of achieving high efficiency in green and blue using wide band gap II-VI compound MQW structures is also presented. To date, maximum output power of 3.2 and 1 W was achieved at wavelengths of 535 and 462 nm respectively under longitudinal pumping by an electron beam with electron energy of 4O keV at room temperature.

Technology of SiO_x:In,Sn aligning films deposited by reactive cathode sputtering (RCS) method is presented. The influence of In, Sn alloy surface concentration in Si cathode target on aligning film properties are investigated by the AFM and optical profilometry methods. The properties of aligning microrelief obtained by RCS method for different In, Sn concentration and by poliimid rubbing method are compared. It was shown that such aligning microrelief can create defectiess and perfect on the microscopic level nematic LC oriented structures.

Thermal and degradation stability of SiO_x aligning films deposited by reactive cathode sputtering (RCS) in glow discharge plasma has been investigated. It is shown that heat treatment and other external factors initiate transformations on the surface of aligning film and formed new conditions on the interface. It is lead to change of easy axis orientation direction of LC molecules and appearance of various defects in the LC aligned structures. The technological ways for increasing of aligning layers durability under influence of external factors has been proposed.

The new construction of LC cell useful for a study both simple twist deformation and 3D structures in liquid crystals induced by boundaries and electric fields is proposed. One of the main advantages ofthe cell is a very high sensitivity of optical response to the small variations of the twist angle. It is possible to create homogeneous "in plane" electric field under special choice ofdimensions of a rectangular channel filled with the liquid crystal. The new LC cell provides good perspectives for measurements of practically important viscous and elastic properties of liquid crystals including a rotational viscosity coefficient. The cell can be also used for a study of static and dynamic properties of liquid crystals at weak anchoring.

The results ofthe study ofthe uniaxially oriented PDLC films prepared by solvent induced phase separation (SIPS) method are presented. The samples were obtained applying a longitudinal magnetic field while the phase separation of the liquid crystal and polymer occurs due to the evaporation of common solvent from the uniform solution. In the presence of magnetic field the nematic liquid crystals 4-n-pentyl-4' -cyanophenylcyclohexane (5PCH), the 4-n-pentyl-4'- cyanobiphenyl (SCB) and nematic mixture LN-394 form the separate droplets in polyvinylbutyral (PVB) matrix. At that, the nematics 5PCH and LN-394 form always the stable bipolar structures with the order parameter of the droplet axes depending on the value of the applied field. In 5CB droplets the bipolar structure is realized only in a weak magnetic field and the radial one is formed in a strong magnetic field. At intermediate field the non-equilibrium structures are appeared that are characterized by the flickering textures.

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films are promising material for the display application especially for the flexible panels. The base effect revealing in PDLC films is a light scattering controlled by the external field (electrical, magnetic, etc.) that transforms the orientational structure inside LC droplets. Recently we have proposed the numerical method to simulate the director configuration within bipolar nematic droplets with the rigidly fixed poles. This method allows determining the threshold characteristics of the PDLC films. To test the validity of the model we have earlier compared it with the data of the electro-optical measurements. However this analysis has been complicated by requirement to take account ofthe complex distribution ofelectric field inside the composite structure. Here we propose the magneto-optical method to verify the model. In this case the magnetic-field strength is homogeneous in PDLC films and it removes the above-mentioned problem. The measured values of threshold field agree well with the calculated ones. Moreover we compare the data obtained by magnetooptical method with the electrooptical measurements.

A method for calculating scattering cross-sections and characteristics of polarization state of light transmitted through polymer film with fine liquid crystal droplets at the independent scattering regime implementation is proposed. It is based on the Rayleigh-Gans approximation to describe scattering by an individual droplet, and the Foldy-Twersky equation to determine a coherent field transmitted through the polymer dispersed liquid crystal film. The results obtained relate the morphological characteristics ofa film to its electro-optical response.

The electric field initiates the director reorientation in the whole volume of FLC layer and eventually results in the motion of domain walls. Dynamics of the domain wall motion in helix free FLC cell is considered. The domain wall motion velocity depends on the frequency of electric field change and on the polar coefficient of anchoring energy W_p. Increasing the frequency or the polar part ofthe anchoring energy (when the frequency is constant) gives rise to decrease of electrooptic response time 1/_τ0.1-0.9 by a factor 2-3 times. Due to this the electrooptical response time can be as small as 100 μs when the electric field is about 4V/μm. These parameters are most suitable to be used in an active matrix display (or micro-display) with the high resolution.

New 1-(4X-phenyl)-spiro-octan-4-ones (X=F, Cl, Br, C₆H₅, C₆H₄C₆H₄OA1k) were synthesized to use for inducement of the helical supra-molecular structure with a short pitch under addition to the nematic liquid crystal (LC) 4-cyano-4'- pentylbiphenyle (5CB). Design of these spiro-compounds was accomplished by the replacement of a double bond in known chiral dopants of a series of isomenthone arylidene derivatives 1 by the cyclopropane ring that made them stable to photochemical E-Z- isomerization typical of initial enones 1. New dopants 2 exhibit the helical twisting power that only slightly reduced as compare to compounds 1. LC mixtures based on the E-63 nematic and containing the most effective 2 possess visible selective light reflection.

In this paper a simulation method for electro-optical volt-brightness characteristics of cholesteric liquid crystals has been demonstrated. This method allows to essentially decrease a duration of experimental investigation of transition processes in cholesteric materials. For modeling of electro-optical volt-brightness and volt-contrast characteristics we need to measure only a few specific critical and threshold voltage levels. Moreover there is no need to know any other physical and electro-optical properties of cholesteric materials. The example of modeling of electro-optical response of a ChLC from the initial transient planar state has been considered. These characteristics are very important for determination of various parameters for cholesteric displays and drive schemes at the dynamic addressing. Accuracy of proposed method is estimated by the comparison of volt-contrast characteristics of a ChLC obtained both by experimental measuring and proposed simulation method.

The anisotropy ofthe polarizing films produced on the base of polyvinyl alcohol and dichroic dyes has been studied by visible dichroism and heat conductivity anisotropy methods. The influence ofstructure and content ofthe dye as well the stretch ratio of films on the orientation factors has been investigated. The comparative results allowed to evaluate a degree of arrangement of polymer chains and dye molecules in anisotropic films.

We have developed new clear birefringent material for interference polarizer (I-Polar) fabrication. I-Polar can be used in backlight recycling systems aimed to improve LCD light efficiency and reduce power consumption of the displays. We produced anisotropic films by wet coating of the new material onto a substrate with thickness in the range of 60-90 nm. Such thickness range meets the requirement for optical thickness of layers in the interference polarizer to be equal to the quarter ofa wavelength. One birefringent layer of the material coated on glass reflects 12% of polarization orthogonal to the anisotropic film coating direction (refraction index - 1.8) and a stack of 5 layers (3 birefringent layers alternated with 2 isotropic ones, refractive index of the isotropic material is equal to low index of birefringent layer) reflects 31% of the said polarization. We present design ofi-polar for typical LCD backlight spectrum.

We have studied a new class of materials for LCD retarders produced by Cascade crystallization method. Advanced materials comprise the amphiphilic compounds and include salts of carboxylic and sulfonic acids with conjugated aromatic cores, which do not absorb light in visible range of light spectra. The Cascade crystallization method of manufacturing of the thin crystalline films (TCF) is based on printing from aqueous solution of lyotropic liquid crystal phase. We have produced and examined a series of retardation films that exhibit properties of negative A-plates. As compared to conventional retardation materials, new retardation films produced with the Cascade crystallization method are strikingly thinner (thickness range is 100 - 1000 nm), whereas birefringence is typically much higher (delta n varies from 0.05 to 0.40). Such a broad range of available thickness and retardation values makes feasible tailoring of LCD designs for customer needs. Viewing angle performance of the crossed polarizers is significantly improved in the presence of TCF retardation films, so that the light leakage at oblique incidence decreases several times. Formation of the new coatable stretchless retardation coatings by a roll-to-roll process can be easily incorporated into the techniques widely used in the LCD industry. The TCF retarders are aimed for LCD HTV application and open up opportunities for the manufacturing cost reduction.

The main goal of this work is low-cost technologies for precision microrelief production developed using common microelectronics materials and equipment. Three technologies of microrelief formation were worked out: polyimide, porous silicon, and porous alumina. Microreliefs were fabricated using nanocomposite materials instead of homogeneous metals, i.e. co-deposited metal matrix with inert ultra-fine particles by electroless or plating processes. Microreliefstructures were produced and tested in view of application for display and optical systems.

The polarized transmission spectra of the one-dimensional photonic crystal with a planar aligned nematic liquid crystal defect layer have been studied theoretically and experimentally. An effect ofthe oblique incidence ofthe light, as well as the temperature of the defect layer, on the spectral positions of the defect modes has been investigated. It is shown that an increase of the incidence angle results in the shift of the defect modes to short-wave range and this tendency appears more pronounced for TM polarization. The spectral shift of the defect modes at 20 nm due to the change of refractive index of the liquid crystal at heating to the isotropic phase was exhibited. The theoretical dependencies of transmission spectra ofphotonic crystal under study agree well with the experimental data.

We have investigated defect mode lasing when a cell containing a dye solution is sandwiched between two cholesteric liquid crystal cells. When the cholesteric pitch of both cells is equal, the dye emission generates the typical multi-mode lasing peaks inside the photonic stop band. We prepared two cholesteric mixtures whose pitches were shifted one respect to the other in such a way that only the edges of band gaps of the cholesteric liquid crystals layers overlapped. Using these mixtures we have observed single mode lasing. Moreover the divergence of the laser beam spot is considerably lower than the one observed in dye doped cholesteric liquid crystal lasers.

Holographic Optical Elements (HOE's) on planar waveguides can be used to design the planar optics for backlit units, color selectors or filters, lenses for virtual reality displays. The several schemes for HOE recording are proposed to obtain planar stereo backlit unit and private eye displays light source. It is shown in the paper that the specific light transformation grating permits to construct efficient backlit units for display holograms and LCD. Several schemes of reflection/transmission backlit units and scattering films based on holographic optical elements are also proposed. The performance of the waveguide HOE can be optimized using the parameters of recording scheme and etching parameters. The schemes of HOE application are discussed and some experimental results are shown.

A glasses-free (auto-stereoscopic) 3D display that will serve several viewers who have freedom of movement over a large viewing region is described. This operates on the principle of employing head position tracking to provide regions referred to as exit pupils that follow the positions ofthe viewers' eyes in order for appropriate left and right images to be seen. A non-intrusive multi-user head tracker controls the light sources of a specially designed backlight that illuminates a direct-view LCD.

Present paper describes new method for eliminating depth plane curvature stereoscopic distortion by depicting each of two perspective images on separate flat screen with these two screens intersecting at certain angle.

3D display with a volumetric screen is developed because it composes the most realistic 3D image of 3D object or scene. The display experimental model using a stack of light-scattering shutters based on the ferroelectric LC layer was created for the first time. Physical mechanisms of FLC layer scattering were studied. The bistable scattering regime which is most appropriate for practical applications was found, and the total time of scattering switching on and switching off was less than 250μs at ± 80 V. The experiments showed that the possible number of FLC shutters in a volumetric screen of the real time 3D display can be as high as 30-100.

MFD-26-x family of Multifunctional Displays was developed for ground vehicle application in all climatic zones of Russia. The head of the family Multifunctional Display MFD-26-1 was developed for diesel electro locomotive DT-l of joint manufacturing of Russia and Germany and successfully passed all tests for the full set of requirements: optical, electrical and operational. Today it works at Moscow Rail Road.

In many optical devices a task often arises to illuminate a rectangular-shaped area. With LEDs used as light sources, this task implies reshaping of the beam from a square Lambertian emitting surface to obtain a rectangular uniformly illuminated area ofappropriate dimensions and positioned above or decentered relative to the light source. We describe a new type ofrefractive lens developed for this purpose and the single-pass synthesis algorithm for its shape requiring no optimization step.

Development of technology of video enhancement became very important part of video signal processing. World leaders develops the own technology of video enhancement. This paper addresses to technology trends regarding Video Signal Processing.