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Spectral LiDAR analysis can be enabled by the use of spatial context, spatial structure, and prior information in the form of map data. LiDAR intensity imagery are analyzed here using an object-based approach which segments the data according to vector information obtained from OpenStreetMap and other vector map information. Polygons and features from the map vectors are used to establish regions of interest for analysis. This automates the training process for use of traditional statistical classifiers and machine learning algorithms. Map-derived objects can demonstrate multiple spectral components which must be resolved to define the primary object, and its semantic label.
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Jeremy P. Metcalf, Richard C. Olsen, "Analysis of spectral data using spatial context," Proc. SPIE 10986, Algorithms, Technologies, and Applications for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imagery XXV, 1098607 (14 May 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2519187