The nearly 100 year-old paradigm of navigating the heavens by means of radiation pressure on a reflective solar sail is being challenged by the advent of advanced diffractive films that offer efficient propulsion and navigation. Other advantages include photon recycling when the sail is transmissive, and non-mechanical (e.g., electro-optic) navigation protocols. Unlike optical tweezers, the transverse force on a solar sail is afforded by the angular deviation of light away from the sunline, rather than a gradient force. Whereas a metal-coated film makes use of the law of reflection, the deviation of light from a diffractive film may be described by use of the grating equation. In the latter case, the grating momentum is, in fact, a mechanical phenomenon that we have observed in the laboratory by means of a vacuum torsion oscillator. Following a brief history of solar sailing I will describe how diffractive sails may enable the placement of a constellation of solar polar orbiters for monitoring the entire surface of the Sun. Laser-driven sails provide another opportunity for in-space propulsion, provided a stable “beam rider” can be invented. I will report our progress on the demonstration of a diffractive beam rider (patent pending).
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