Dielectric whispering-gallery-mode resonators are a great tool to entrap electro-magnetic radiation throughout the dielectric’s transparency range[1]. I will discuss hybrid systems which are resonant for both microwave and optical fields and that allow for second order nonlinear effects.
In an efficient resonant system and for strong microwave and optical fields, sum- and difference frequency generation can cascade, leading to optical frequency combs[2]. For the limit of very weak microwaves and only sum frequency generation, coherent conversion of microwave signals allows the quantum state of individual microwave photons to be transferred into the optical domain[3], useful for connecting future superconducting-qubits-based quantum-networks.
1. D.V. Strekalov, C. Marquardt, A.B. Matsko, H.G.L. Schwefel, and G. Leuchs, Journal of Optics 18, 123002 (2016).
2. A. Rueda, ... and H.G.L. Schwefel, Nature 568, 378 (2019).
3. A. Rueda, ... and H.G.L. Schwefel, Optica 3, 597 (2016)
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