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A Low Humidity and Temperature Profiling (LHATPRO) microwave radiometer, manufactured by Radiometer Physics
GmbH (RPG), is used to monitor sky conditions over ESO’s Paranal observatory in support of VLT science operations.
The unit measures several channels across the strong water vapour emission line at 183 GHz, necessary for resolving the
low levels of precipitable water vapour (PWV) that are prevalent on Paranal (median ~2.4 mm). The instrument consists
of a humidity profiler (183-191 GHz), a temperature profiler (51-58 GHz), and an infrared camera (~10 μm) for cloud
detection. We present, for the first time, a statistical analysis of the homogeneity of all-sky PWV using 21 months of
periodic (every 6 hours) all-sky scans from the radiometer. These data provide unique insight into the spatial and
temporal variation of atmospheric conditions relevant for astronomical observations, particularly in the infrared. We find
the PWV over Paranal to be remarkably homogeneous across the sky down to 27.5° elevation with a median variation of
0.32 mm (peak to valley) or 0.07 mm (rms). The homogeneity is a function of the absolute PWV but the relative
variation is fairly constant at 10-15% (peak to valley) and 3% (rms). Such variations will not be a significant issue for
analysis of astronomical data. Users at ESO can specify PWV – measured at zenith – as an ambient constraint in service
mode to enable, for instance, very demanding observations in the infrared that can only be conducted during periods of
very good atmospheric transmission and hence low PWV. We conclude that in general it will not be necessary to add
another observing constraint for PWV homogeneity to ensure integrity of observations. For demanding observations
requiring very low PWV, where the relative variation is higher, the optimum support could be provided by observing
with the LHATPRO in the same line-of-sight simultaneously. Such a mode of operations has already been tested but will
have to be justified in terms of scientific gain before implementation can be considered. This will be explored further in
the future.
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