To enable optical biopsy in clinical applications, it is essential to miniaturize fiber-optic two-photon endomicroscopy (TPEM). This study used theoretical modeling and experimental measurements on a 1-mm-outer-diameter piezoelectric ceramic tube (PZT) fiber scanner for TPEM. After determining resonant modes, the effects of the driving voltage, PZT length, PZT inner diameter, fiber cantilever length, and fiber eccentricity on the fiber’s first- and second-order resonant characteristics were investigated. A 2.7-mm endomicroscopic probe was also integrated, and its two-photon imaging capability was validated using ex-vivo mouse heart and brain tissues. This study’s findings contribute to the advancement of compact nonlinear endomicroscopy.
As an optical biopsy method, PZT fiber-optic scanning two-photon endomicroscopy holds significant importance for the early detection of gastrointestinal tumors. The scanning attributes inherent to the PZT fiber scanner wield direct influence over the electro-mechanical features of the two-photon endomicroscopy, rendering it a pivotal component of distal-scanning endoscopes. This study delves into a comprehensive analysis, both in the modal and frequency domains, of a forward-fixed PZT scanner from a theoretical standpoint. Additionally, we fabricated a forward-fixed PZT fiber scanner and validated its first- and second-order frequency domain characteristics experimentally. Theoretical simulations and experimental findings demonstrate that the forward-fixed scanner exhibits superior driving capability compared to the reverse-fixed scanner.
In recent years, two-photon endomicroscopy has developed as a promising label-free optical biopsy technique for diagnosing gastrointestinal tumors. In this study, we optimize the imaging resolution of the lensed fiber-optic scanning two-photon endomicroscopic imaging scheme. By fabricating a lensed fiber for fiber-optic scanning two-photon endomicroscopy, a lateral resolution of 2.1 μm and a field of view of 600 μm in two-photon endomicroscopic imaging is achieved. Furthermore, the objective-lens-free imaging capability is also validated using gastric
Piezoelectric ceramic tube fiber-scanning two-photon endomicroscopy is an essential division of miniature two-photon microscopy. The reverse collection optical path of the two-photon endomicroscopy platform is modeled and designed in this study. After simulating the chromatic aberration characteristics of the objective, the effects of the collection signal wavelengths, off-axis positions, fiber cladding diameters, and imaging depths on the collection efficiency are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The results provide an additional theoretical explanation for enhancing the two-photon endomicroscopy platform's imaging sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio.
Miniature two-photon microscopy combines the two-photon excitation principle and is more lightweight and flexible, allowing it to be applied to freely behaving animals. The piezoelectric tube (PZT) fiber scanner is the key actuated component in miniature fiber-scanning two-photon endomicroscopy (TPEM). In this paper, we use multi-physics field finite element simulation to model and analyze a reverse-fixed PZT fiber scanner for TPEM. The simulation results show that the first two resonant frequencies of the PZT fiber scanner are 163.6 Hz and 757.9 Hz, respectively. At the first two resonant points, the PZT fiber scanner scan range are 0.078 mm and 0.68 mm, respectively. Theoretical guidance for frequency selection of the reverse-fixed PZT fiber scanner is provided by these simulation results.
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