Due to the need for high-resolution angiographic and interventional vascular imaging, a Micro-Angiographic
Fluoroscope (MAF) detector with a Control, Acquisition, Processing, and Image Display System (CAPIDS) was
installed on a detector changer, which was attached to the C-arm of a clinical angiographic unit at a local hospital. The
MAF detector provides high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and
real-time imaging capabilities and consists of a 300 μm thick
CsI phosphor, a dual stage micro-channel plate light image intensifier (LII) coupled to a fiber optic taper (FOT),
and a scientific grade frame-transfer CCD camera, providing an image matrix of 1024×1024 35 μm effective square
pixels with 12 bit depth. The changer allows the MAF
region-of-interest (ROI) detector to be inserted in front of the
Image Intensifier (II) when higher resolution is needed during angiographic or interventional vascular imaging
procedures, e.g. endovascular stent deployment. The CAPIDS was developed and implemented using Laboratory
Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) software and provides a user-friendly interface that enables
control of several clinical radiographic imaging modes of the MAF including: fluoroscopy, roadmapping, radiography,
and digital-subtraction-angiography (DSA). The total system has been used for image guidance during endovascular
image-guided interventions (EIGI) for diagnosing and treating artery stenoses and aneurysms using self-expanding
endovascular stents and coils in fifteen patient cases, which have demonstrated benefits of using the ROI detector. The
visualization of the fine detail of the endovascular devices and the vessels generally gave the clinicians confidence on
performing neurovascular interventions and in some instances contributed to improved interventions.
A new Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed using Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench
(LabVIEW) for a high-resolution, high-sensitivity Solid State X-ray Image Intensifier (SSXII), which is a new x-ray
detector for radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging, consisting of an array of Electron-Multiplying CCDs (EMCCDs)
each having a variable on-chip electron-multiplication gain of up to 2000x to reduce the effect of readout noise. To
enlarge the field-of-view (FOV), each EMCCD sensor is coupled to an x-ray phosphor through a fiberoptic taper. Two
EMCCD camera modules are used in our prototype to form a computer-controlled array; however, larger arrays are
under development. The new GUI provides patient registration, EMCCD module control, image acquisition, and patient
image review. Images from the array are stitched into a 2kx1k pixel image that can be acquired and saved at a rate of 17
Hz (faster with pixel binning). When reviewing the patient's data, the operator can select images from the patient's
directory tree listed by the GUI and cycle through the images using a slider bar. Commonly used camera parameters
including exposure time, trigger mode, and individual EMCCD gain can be easily adjusted using the GUI. The GUI is
designed to accommodate expansion of the EMCCD array to even larger FOVs with more modules. The high-resolution,
high-sensitivity EMCCD modular-array SSXII imager with the new user-friendly GUI should enable angiographers and
interventionalists to visualize smaller vessels and endovascular devices, helping them to make more accurate diagnoses
and to perform more precise image-guided interventions.
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