Prof. Cynthia A. Toth Profile

Prof. Cynthia A. Toth

at Duke Univ School of Medicine

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (52)

SPIE Journal Paper | 18 December 2024 Open Access

Publisher’s Note: Optical clearing with tartrazine enables deep transscleral imaging with optical coherence tomography

Amit Narawane, Robert Trout, Christian Viehland, Anthony Kuo, Lejla Vajzovic, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Cynthia Toth

JBO, Vol. 29, Issue 12, 129801, (December 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.29.12.129801

KEYWORDS: Coherence imaging, Optical imaging, Optical coherence tomography, Optical clearing, Biomedical optics, Ophthalmology, Biomedical engineering

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 December 2024 Open Access

Optical clearing with tartrazine enables deep transscleral imaging with optical coherence tomography

Amit Narawane, Robert Trout, Christian Viehland, Anthony Kuo, Lejla Vajzovic, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Cynthia Toth

JBO, Vol. 29, Issue 12, 120501, (December 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.29.12.120501

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Optical clearing, Tissues, Sclera, Visualization, Biomedical optics, Imaging systems, Eye, Image segmentation, Biological imaging

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2023 Presentation

Real-time feature-guided image fusion of posterior-segment intrasurgical optical coherence tomography and digital surgical microscopy

Robert Trout, Christian Viehland, Jianwei Li, William Raynor, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Anthony Kuo, Lejla Vajzovic, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume PC12360, PC123600H (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2650678

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Optical coherence tomography, Microscopy, Visualization, Image fusion, Eye, Image-guided intervention, Coherence imaging, Microscopes, Feature extraction

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography with 4D visualization of surgical maneuvers and quantitative measurements of intraocular structures

Jianwei Li, Christian Viehland, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, William Raynor, Robert Trout, Anthony Kuo, Cynthia Toth, Lejla Vajzovic, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume PC11941, PC119410S (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2608834

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Visualization, Surgery, Microscopes, Scanners, Ophthalmology, Gold, Genetics, 3D visualizations, Microsurgery

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation

Feature-guided image fusion of intrasurgical optical coherence tomography and digital surgical microscopy

Robert Trout, Jianwei Li, Christian Viehland, William Raynor, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Anthony Kuo, Lejla Vajzovic, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume PC11941, PC119410B (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607420

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Optical coherence tomography, Microscopy, Visualization, Image fusion, Eye, Image-guided intervention, Coherence imaging, Video microscopy, Video

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2020 Presentation

Quantitative measurements of intraocular structures including subretinal microinjection bleb volumes using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

Jianwei Li, William Raynor, Ananth Sastry, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Cynthia Toth, Christian Viehland, Lejla Vajzovic, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 11228, 112280H (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2546504

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Eye models, Surgery, Imaging systems, Visualization, Eye, Therapeutics, Image analysis, Optical spheres

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2020 Presentation

Real time volumetric intrasurgical optical coherence tomography with 4D visualization of surgical maneuvers (Conference Presentation)

Christian Viehland, Al-Hafeez Dhalla, Jianwei Li, Moseph Jackson-Atogi, Lejla Vajzovic, Anthony Kuo, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 11218, 112180K (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2550063

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Visualization, Imaging systems, Surgery, Microscopes, Retina, System integration, Tissues, Cornea, Retinal scanning

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2020 Presentation + Paper

Achievements and need for technologies to advance image-guided retinal surgery and the care of retinal diseases in children

Cynthia Toth

Proceedings Volume 11218, 112180D (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2554443

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Surgery, Visualization, Imaging systems, Eye, Microscopes, Retina, Tissues, Retinal surgery, Tissue optics

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2019 Presentation

A novel ergonomic optical coherence tomography probe optimized for supine handheld angiography of young children and infants (Conference Presentation)

Christian Viehland, Xi Chen, Du Tran-Viet, Gar Waterman, Moseph Jackson-Atogi, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 10858, 108580T (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508034

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Angiography, Retinal scanning, Pathogens, Scanners, Ophthalmology, Optical design, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2018 Presentation

Imaging of pediatric pathology in the intensive care nursery using a custom handheld, ultra-compact, swept-source OCT probe (Conference Presentation)

Christian Viehland, Francesco LaRocca, Du Tran-Viet, Moseph Jackson-Atogi, Caelan Eckard, Brenton Keller, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 10474, 1047416 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2290627

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Pathology, Imaging systems, Visualization, Optomechanical design, Microelectromechanical systems

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2017 Presentation

4D microscope-integrated intraoperative optical coherence tomography angiography (Conference Presentation)

Christian Viehland, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Brenton Keller, Xi Chen, Lejla Vajzovic, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 10045, 100450Z (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2251589

KEYWORDS: System integration, Optical coherence tomography, Imaging systems, Angiography, Pathology, Retina, Cornea, Prototyping, Laser development, Microscopes

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Proceedings Article | 19 April 2017 Presentation

High-speed 4D intrasurgical OCT at 800 kHz line rate using temporal spectral splitting and spiral scanning (Conference Presentation)

Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Christian Viehland, Brenton Keller, Anthony Kuo, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 10053, 100530E (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254761

KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Stereoscopy, Heads up displays, Spectral resolution, Optical coherence tomography, Imaging systems, Surgery, Tissue optics, Motion estimation, Real time imaging

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

Novel real-time volumetric tool segmentation algorithm for intraoperative microscope integrated OCT (Conference Presentation)

Christian Viehland, Brenton Keller, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, David Cunefare, Liangbo Shen, Cynthia Toth, Sina Farsiu, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 9697, 969702 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214591

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Heads up displays, Microscopes, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Tissues, Surgery, Algorithm development, Image segmentation, Medicine

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

Parafoveal retinal cone mosaic imaging in children with ultra-compact switchable SLO/OCT handheld probe (Conference Presentation)

Francesco LaRocca, Derek Nankivil, Theodore DuBose, Cynthia Toth, Sina Farsiu, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 9693, 96931I (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212869

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, Retinal scanning, In vivo imaging, Enhanced vision, Pathology, Imaging systems, Microelectromechanical systems, Visualization, Scanners

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

Long working distance optical coherence tomography for pediatric imaging (Conference Presentation)

Ruobing Qian, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Lejla Vajzovic, Boris Gramatikov, David Guyton, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 9693, 969308 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2213278

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Prototyping, Imaging systems, Medicine, Optical components, Eye, Cornea, Lenses, Lens design, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2016 Presentation + Paper

4D microscope-integrated OCT improves accuracy of ophthalmic surgical maneuvers

Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Brenton Keller, Christian Viehland, Liangbo Shen, Bozho Todorich, Christine Shieh, Anthony Kuo, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 9693, 969306 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212857

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Microscopes, Surgery, Visualization, Heads up displays, Imaging systems, 3D displays, Tissues, Microsurgery, Ophthalmic imaging, Eye, Cornea

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SPIE Journal Paper | 27 May 2015 Open Access

Errata: Lateral and axial measurement differences between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography systems

Francisco Folgar, Eric Yuan, Sina Farsiu, Cynthia Toth

JBO, Vol. 20, Issue 05, 059802, (May 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.20.5.059802

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Biomedical optics, Ophthalmology, Biomedical engineering

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Proceedings Article | 20 March 2015 Paper

Novel microscope-integrated stereoscopic display for intrasurgical optical coherence tomography

Liangbo Shen, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Brenton Keller, Christian Viehland, Gar Waterman, Philip Desouza, Paul Hahn, Anthony Kuo, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 9307, 930706 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076406

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Heads up displays, Surgery, Imaging systems, Microscopes, Eye, Linear filtering, Sensors, Stereoscopic displays, Digital imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 17 January 2014 Open Access

Lateral and axial measurement differences between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography systems

Francisco Folgar, Eric Yuan, Sina Farsiu, Cynthia Toth

JBO, Vol. 19, Issue 01, 016014, (January 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.016014

KEYWORDS: Pulmonary function tests, Optical coherence tomography, Eye, Tissues, Eye models, Manufacturing, Instrument modeling, Biomedical optics, Data conversion, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 12 February 2011 Paper

Visualization of vitreoretinal surgical manipulations using intraoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Yuankai Tao, Justis Ehlers, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 7889, 78890F (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.875236

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Optical coherence tomography, Tissues, Retina, Microscopes, Eye, Imaging systems, Surgery, Diamond, Opacity

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2010 Paper

Segmentation of ophthalmic optical coherence tomography images using graph cuts

Xiao Li, Stephanie Chiu, Peter Nicholas, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt, Sina Farsiu

Proceedings Volume 7550, 75501O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842299

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Image processing algorithms and systems, Optical coherence tomography, Image processing, 3D image processing, Ophthalmology, Americium, Nerve, Lithium, Eye

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2010 Paper

Real-time intraoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography for vitreoretinal surgery

Yuankai Tao, Cynthia Toth, Joseph Izatt

Proceedings Volume 7554, 75540F (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842594

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Surgery, Microscopes, Imaging systems, Tissues, Visualization, Retinal scanning, Multilayers, Image resolution, Real time imaging

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Proceedings Article | 11 February 2008 Paper

Fast detection and segmentation of drusen in retinal optical coherence tomography images

Sina Farsiu, Stephanie Chiu, Joseph Izatt, Cynthia Toth

Proceedings Volume 6844, 68440D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.768624

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Optical coherence tomography, Human-machine interfaces, Information technology, Fourier transforms, Holmium, Information operations, Visualization, Coherence (optics), Tomography

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Accurate detection-characterization of drusen is an important imaging biomarker of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression. We report on the development of an automatic method for detection and segmentation of drusen in retinal images captured via high speed spectral domain coherence tomography (SDOCT) systems. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of a priori knowledge about the retina shape and structure in the AMD and normal eyes. In the first step, the location of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is estimated by searching for the locally connected segments with high radiometric vertical gradients appearing in the upper section of the SDOCT scans. The high reflective and locally connected pixels that are spatially located below the RNFL layer are taken as the initial estimate of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer location. Such rough estimates are smoothed and improved by using a slightly modified implementation of the Xu-Prince gradient vector flow based deformable snake method. Further steps, including a two-pass scan of the image, remove outliers and improve the accuracy of the estimates. Unlike healthy eyes commonly exhibiting a convex RPE shape, the shape of the RPE layer in AMD eyes might include abnormalities due to the presence of drusen. Therefore by enforcing local convexity condition and fitting second or fourth order polynomials to the possibly unhealthy (abnormal) RPE curve, the health (normal) shape of the RPE layer is estimated. The area between the estimated normal and the segmented RPE outlines is marked as possible drusen location. Moreover, fine-tuning steps are incorporated to improve the accuracy of the proposed technique. All methods are implemented in a graphical user interface (GUI) software package based on MATLAB platform. Minor errors in estimating drusen volume can be easily manually corrected using the user-friendly software interface and the program is constantly refined to correct for the repeating errors. This semi-supervised approach significantly reduces the time and resources needed to conduct a large-scale AMD study. The computational complexity of the core automated segmentation technique is attractive as it only takes about 6.5 seconds on a conventional PC to segment, display, and record drusen locations in an image of size (512 × 1000) pixels. Experimental results on segmenting drusen in SDOCT images of different subjects are included, which attest to the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2007 Paper

Development of quantitative diagnostic observables for age-related macular degeneration using Spectral Domain OCT

Bradley Bower, Stephanie Chiu, Emily Davies, Anjul Davis, Robert Zawadzki, Alfred Fuller, David Wiley, Joseph Izatt, Cynthia Toth

Proceedings Volume 6426, 64260W (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.704689

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Data acquisition, Diagnostics, Volume rendering, 3D image processing, Image segmentation, Retinal scanning, 3D acquisition, Data centers, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2006 Paper

Precision targeting with a tracking adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope

Daniel Hammer, R. Daniel Ferguson, Chad Bigelow, Nicusor Iftimia, Teoman Ustun, Gary Noojin, David Stolarski, Harvey Hodnett, Michelle Imholte, Semih Kumru, Michelle McCall, Cynthia Toth, Benjamin Rockwell

Proceedings Volume 6138, 613811 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.647477

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, Eye, Imaging systems, Mirrors, Retina, Cameras, Cones, Deformable mirrors, Raster graphics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 2004 Open Access

Retinal response of Macaca mulatta to picosecond laser pulses of varying energy and spot size

William Roach, Clarence Cain, Drew Narayan, Gary Noojin, Stephen Boppart, Reginald Birngruber, James Fujimoto, Cynthia Toth

JBO, Vol. 9, Issue 06, (November 2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1805554

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Reflectivity, Retina, Injuries, Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, Picosecond phenomena, Tissues, Photomicroscopy, Eye, Laser energy

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2001 Paper

Using optical coherence tomography to elucidate the impact of fixation on retinal laser pathology

Michelle McCall, Curtis Harkrider, Vincent Deramo, Sarah Bailey, Katrina Winter, Benjamin Rockwell, David Stolarski, Cynthia Toth

Proceedings Volume 4257, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.434698

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Tissues, Laser tissue interaction, Tissue optics, Retina, Photomicroscopy, Pathology, In vivo imaging, Mirrors, Image processing

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Purpose: The direct comparison of in-vivo OCT images with fixed tissues sections assumes the fixation of tissue has no effect on the size and configuration of final pathology images such as light micrographs. Fixation artifact has been a concern in numerous studies of the pathology of retinal laser lesions. We tested this hypothesis. Methods: The Humphrey OCT model 2000 with a custom mirror and lens assembly was used to scan tissue phantoms and both fresh and fixed ex-vivum tissue samples. The optical configuration was determined by optimization of the contrast and signal strength on tissue phantoms. Fresh porcine retinas were scanned using this optimal configuration, then fixed using either glutaraldehyde or formalin. OCT images were taken of the tissue at various stages during the fixation process. Additionally, we examined fixed retinal tissue containing retinal laser lesions as a part of our study of ultrashort-pulsed laser effects on the macacca mulatta retina. Histologic sections were prepared and evaluated. Results: In this presentation, we describe our optical setup and image optimization process and assess the effects of glutaraldehyde and formalin processing on OCT image quality. The OCT images of glutaraldehyde-fixed laser lesions are compared with similar images of laser lesions in-vivo. Fixation artifacts appeared on OCT at 2 to 24 hours. Opacification of the lumen of large vessels was seen at two hours with both glutaraldehyde and formalin, while fixation induced retinal detachment appeared at 24 hours. Overall, there was a grater delineation of the laser lesions by OCT at 24 hours when compared to at 1 or 2 hours of fixation. Conclusions: Fixations induced changes in OCT scans of retinal tissue are present as early as 2 hours after immersion in fixative. Although both glutaraldehyde and formalin fixation preserve much of the tissue structure, these method of fixation have s significant effect on OCT imaging of both normal retinal tissue and laser lesions.

Proceedings Article | 9 July 2001 Paper

Retinal damage thresholds for 40-fs laser pulses

Benjamin Rockwell, Cynthia Toth, David Stolarski, Gary Noojin, Paul Kennedy, Jesse Shaver, Gavin Buffington, Robert Thomas

Proceedings Volume 4257, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.434694

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, Laser induced damage, Ultrafast phenomena, Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, Femtosecond phenomena, Eye, Laser safety, Pulsed laser operation, Dispersion, Wave propagation

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2001 Paper

Comparative study of ocular damage thresholds from continuous-wave and femtosecond mode-locked lasers

Robert Thomas, Gary Noojin, David Stolarski, Rebecca Hall, Clarence Cain, Cynthia Toth, Benjamin Rockwell

Proceedings Volume 4246, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.426723

KEYWORDS: Mode locking, Laser damage threshold, Continuous wave operation, Pulsed laser operation, Standards development, Laser safety, Retina, Femtosecond phenomena, Eye

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 July 2000 Open Access

Comparison of macular versus paramacular retinal sensitivity to femtosecond laser pulses

Clarence Cain, Cynthia Toth, Robert Thomas, Gary Noojin, Val Carothers, David Stolarski, Benjamin Rockwell

JBO, Vol. 5, Issue 03, (July 2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.430002

KEYWORDS: Eye, Macula, Retina, Laser damage threshold, Pulsed laser operation, Photography, Femtosecond phenomena, Laser safety, Standards development, Laser systems engineering

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2000 Paper

Retinal damage from femtosecond to nanosecond laser exposure

Robert Thomas, Gary Noojin, David Stolarski, Gordon Hengst, Cynthia Toth, William Roach, Benjamin Rockwell

Proceedings Volume 3902, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.379341

KEYWORDS: Ultrafast phenomena, Laser induced damage, Laser damage threshold, Femtosecond phenomena, Laser safety, Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, Retina, Visible radiation, Eye, Pulsed laser operation

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 1999 Paper

In-vivo tissue response to the free-electron laser

Cynthia Toth, Eric Chiu, Katrina Winter, Michelle Norton McCall, Sarah Bailey, Susanne Hauger

Proceedings Volume 3591, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350613

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Cornea, Free electron lasers, Laser tissue interaction, Photomicroscopy, Tissues, Iris, Tissue optics, In vivo imaging, Laser therapeutics

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