We investigated a growth technique for ultra-low-density self-assembled InAs QDs using Bi surfactant-assisted interdiffusion epitaxy (IDE). The samples were grown using a solid-source molecular beam epitaxy system. InP(311)B substrates were used to grow InAs QDs. After growing the InP buffer layer, a 100 nm-thick InGaAlAs barrier layer and a 1 nm-thick InP were used for the IDE process, and self-assembled InAs QD were formed. The density of QDs was very low, approximately 3.2×107/cm2, which is three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the conventional QD. Moreover, sharp photoluminescence was observed from a single QD at 1522 nm.
Single-shot phase-shifting digital holography (PSDH) implementations are attractive for quantitative phase imaging of dynamic objects, such as living cells; however, they require precise alignment of the optical elements. This study presents a novel single-shot PSDH configuration where the diffraction grating is placed on the focal plane of the object light path. The grating has a checkerboard pattern that provides spatially periodic phase shifts of 0 and π. The object light is diffracted by the grating such that the ±1st order diffractions form four wavefront copies. Since the spatial positions of these copies are determined using only the grating period, it is not necessary to precisely align the grating with the image sensor. The conventional PSDH involves phase shifts of the reference beam, whereas the proposed method allows advance phase shifts to occur between the object light copies. Therefore, phase-shifting interferograms can be obtained simultaneously by irradiating all copies with a uniform reference light. Since the phase-shift amounts between the copies depend on the lateral positions of the grating, it is necessary to estimate the degree of displacement of the grating to calculate the quantitative phase values. We therefore present a solution that adds two markers to the object light and estimates the grating displacements from the interference intensities between the markers and reference light. We also conducted numerical simulations to confirm that the proposed method obtains quantitative phase values from a single image.
In this study, we fabricated QD laser diodes using a digital embedding method (DEM) in which InAs QDs were embedded in an InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice whose miniband acts as an effective barrier for the QDs. We stacked 15 QD layers by using DEM with four monolayers in each InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice. The stripe laser structures were fabricated using conventional laser diode processes. The laser with a 600-µm cavity showed lasing at 1600 nm with a threshold current of 474 mA. The internal loss of this laser was 16.2 cm-1, which was similar that of the laser that uses a conventional quaternary InGaAlAs barrier material.
We demonstrate a handheld millimeter-wave radar head connected with remote signal synthesizer via an optical fiber, for the realization of a small and handheld nondestructive imaging system. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) mounted on the radar head identifies the direction and orientation of the head to provide three- dimensional point clouds for inspection of building structures. A small lidar system with the IMU is also discussed for construction of 3D point clouds for inner structure mapping in the buildings.
A sharp growth in the transmission capacities of photonic transport networks has necessitated an increase in the spectral efficiency and number of wavelength channels. Advanced photonic transport technology in the T-band (thousand band: 1000–1260 nm, available bandwidth of 61.9 THz) is a promising solution to expanding the usable wavelength channels for optical communication to increase the available capacity. The available bandwidth in the T-band is approximately five times that of the conventional C- and L-bands, and, therefore, we propose an ultra-broadband photonic transport system that employs waveband multiplexing technology which is compatible with both novel and conventional wavebands. Wavelength-tunable quantum dot (QD) laser technologies aid the availability of the T-band with its wide wavelength tunability. An endlessly single-mode holey fiber (HF) is used as a wave-band multiplexing transmission line in the O- and T-bands. Optimizing the spectral efficiency is key to realizing high-capacity transmission using advanced digital signal processing (DSP) technology with a coherent detection scheme. In the study, we successfully demonstrated error-free transmission with 20-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) using homodyne detection receivers in the O- and T-bands simultaneously over a 4-km long HF. The measured bit error rates (BERs) were within the forward error correction limit of 2×10-3 in both the O- and T-bands. The large number of wavelength channels with conventional use of the O- and T-bands should help increase the total capacity of an optical fiber to meet the growth in demand of optical communication data traffic.
We investigated the temperature characteristics of a modularized semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) utilizing InAs/AlGaAs quantum dot (QD) in the active layer operating at C-band (1.53μm–1.56μm). It has been reported by many literatures on physics that QDs are superior at energy efficiency and leads to less thermal energy generation. By changing the temperature of the Peltier element inside the module from 20℃ to 80℃, we measured the difference in the gain at each input power and injection current. The QD-SOA we measured was utilizing InAs QD in active layer and the laminated structure had 20 layers having 20nm of intermediate layers which refers to the width between QDs. When the input power was -50 dBm, we successfully confirmed more than 10 dB at the Peltier element temperature of 70℃ by injecting a current larger than 400 mA. In addition, we obtained a maximum gain of 20.68 dB at the center wavelength and a constant gain of approximately 15 dB at other Peltier element temperatures. It can be concluded from the output of the experiment that this QD-SOA can be put to use in optical communication in several situations where the temperature ranges between 20℃ to 80℃. This involves a new approach towards the application of QD amplifiers in the field of optical fiber communications.
We successfully demonstrate 10-Gbbaud quadrature phase-shift keying signal transmission over a 4-km-long endlessly single-mode holey fiber using a wavelength-tunable semiconductor quantum dot (QD) laser. The transmission is carried out in the waveband of 1040.72–1070.02 nm with a bandwidth of 7.89 THz, which is broader than conventional wavebands such as the C and L bands. In the study, a QD laser notable for its wavelength stability and tunability is employed for its broad bandwidth availability on the transmission. Observed bit error rates are within a forward error correction limit of 2×10–3 under homodyne coherent detection configuration with offline digital signal processing. The abundant frequency resources in this T band (1000–1260 nm) help increase the capacity of a transmission link using a large number of wavelength channels by the QD laser.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Radio over Fiber, Signal detection, Heterodyning, Hybrid fiber radio, Frequency conversion, Phase shift keying, Digital signal processing, Forward error correction, Signal to noise ratio
The effects of in-phase/quadrature-phase (IQ) imbalances are evaluated with a direct IQ down-converter in the W-band (75–110 GHz). The IQ imbalance of the converter is measured within a range of ±10 degrees in an intermediate frequency of DC–26.5 GHz. 1–8-G-baud quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals are transmitted successfully with observed bit error rates within a forward error correction limit of 2×10-3 using radio over fiber (RoF) techniques. The direct down-conversion technique is applicable to next-generation high-speed wireless access communication systems in the millimeter-wave band.
We demonstrate an optical–electrical hybrid equalizer, which comprises an optical domain equalizer fabricated using optical filter banks and an electrical filter in a digital domain by a digital signal processing, to experimentally demodulate degraded 40-Gbaud quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) required for a BER of 1 × 10-3 is improved to 7 dB without an optical equalizer (OEQ) under the back-to-back condition. The fluctuation in the OEQ strength between 0–6 dB will not affect signal quality significantly. The signal degradation caused by the frequency response of devices was minimized using by the hybrid equalizer.
We successfully demonstrate 20-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal transmission. The transmission was carried out over endlessly single-mode holey fiber in the waveband of 1276.02–1304.26 nm, whose bandwidth of 5.09- THz is broader than the traditional C-band. A wavelength-tunable quantum dot (QD) laser with broad wavelength tunability helps realize bandwidth availability. A single InAs/InGaAs QD optical gainchip was grown using a sandwiched sub-nanometer separator technique in the wavelength of 1.3-μm band. Using this gain chip, the QD light source has good wavelength stability, compactness and wavelength tunablility. The measured transmission results show bit error rates within a forward error correction limit of 2×10–3 using intradyne coherent detection with offline digital signal processing. In this study, it is expected that abundant frequency resources such as the O-band are coherently enhanced by the use of a large number of wavelength channels by effectively using the QD- laser.
We successfully developed the Quantum Dot (QD) light source in the T- and O-band (Thousand-band: 1.000–1.260 μm
and O-band: 1.260–1.360 μm).We used the optical gain chip properties of a single InAs/InGaAs QD to develop a 1.3
μm waveband QD optical frequency comb laser (QD-CML) as the novel functional wavelength divisio nmultiplexing
(WDM) light source. The QD-CML can be used for stable generation of multiple-wavelength peaks that the QD-CML
can be selected and controlled using the optical interference of the etalon filter. We used holey fiber (HF) transmission
line to successfully demonstrate an O-band photonic transport system. In this experiment, each single peak could be
clearly selected in the wavelength range the 1286- to 1302 nm. An error-free data transmission of the 10-Gb/s signal with
stable multiple-wavelength channels that were generated from a newly developed 1.3 μm waveband multiple-wavelength
quantum dot light source was achieved over the low-loss HF that was 8 -km long. We suggest that the low cross-talk for
a data transmission can be achieved using the multiple-wavelength peaks from the QD light source. Based on these
experimental results, it is clear that the generation of multiple-wavelength peaks in the 1.3 μm waveband can be
successfully achieved using from the multiple-wavelength QD light source, which acts as a single QD optical gain device.
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) light sources operating in the 3-μm waveband are useful photonic devices for the spectroscopic
detection of trace gases and biomaterials. In order to achieve efficient mid-IR light emissions with a small footprint, we
propose an attractive technique for developing a compact intracavity system that enables the reuse of the photons emitted
by the pump source. Periodically poled congruent LiNbO3 (PPCLN) and Nd-YVO4 crystals were both set in the
intracavity. An 805-nm waveband GaAs-based laser diode was used as the signal and pump light sources for differential
frequency generation (DFG), since GaAs-based device technology enables the construction of high-power, highefficiency
lasers operating in this waveband. We have successfully demonstrated that a 3-μm wavelength-tunable light
source using the photon reuse technique is the most effective and compact intracavity system; it possesses useful
broadband wavelength tunability characteristics up to approximately 90 nm and offers a small footprint (15 × 30 cm).
We obtained high output power of the order of a few milliwatts from the developed light source. In addition, since the
optical spectrum shape of the mid-IR light is also important, we propose a useful spectrum shaping technique using a
Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon filter included in the intracavity system; we obtained a fine single-peak spectrum in the 3-μm
waveband. The developed wavelength-tunable compact intracavity mid-IR light source using the photon reuse and
spectrum shaping techniques is attractive for optical communications and biomedical applications.
Photonic transport systems in the C+L bands have been extensively employed in conventional networks. The
continuously expanding demand for greater photonic network capacities has created the need for the use of additional
wavebands to strengthen the transmission capacities. We recently focused on the use of a novel wavelength band such as
1.0-μm (thousand band: T band), together with the conventional C and L bands, to enhance the usable optical frequency
resources in future photonic networks employing waveband division multiplexing. Furthermore, we successfully
demonstrated an ultra-broadband T-band photonic transport system using a holey fiber (HF) transmission line to create a
wide range of usable optical frequency resources over 8.4 THz (wavelength range: 1037-1068 nm). In constructing an
ultra-broadband photonic transport system for the T, C, and L bands, HF is considered to be a great candidate for an
ultra-broadband and high-capacity data transmission line. In this study, we demonstrated a polarization division
multiplexing (PDM) photonic transport system for doubling the optical frequency resources in the T band. Error-free
PDM photonic transmissions in the T band with a clear eye opening at 10 Gb/s were successfully achieved over a long
distance using an 11.4-km HF transmission line for the first time. To upgrade the present photonic network system, we
believe the technologies of the demonstrated T-band PDM, together with WDM photonic transport systems using the
>10-km long HF transmission line, represent a pioneering breakthrough in the use of ultra-broadband optical frequency
resources.
To open up new optical frequency resources available for optical communications, the concept of all-band photonics
has been proposed, which is based on the utilization of broadband of optical frequencies from 1- to 2-μm waveband as a
novel photonic band for photonic transmission. In this study, an ultra-broadband photonic transport system was
developed by employing a long-distance holey-fiber transmission line to simultaneously use the new 1-μm waveband (Tband)
and a conventional waveband. We successfully demonstrate the use of a photonic transport system to achieve simultaneous 3x10-Gbps error-free optical data transmissions for waveband division multiplexing of the 1-μm waveband, C-band, and L-band.
Continually expanding demand for greater photonic network capacities has created a need for the use of alternative
wavebands and development of methods to strengthen transmission capacities. Photonic transport systems in the C band
(1530-1565 nm, 4.3-THz bandwidth) and L band (1565-1625 nm, 7.1-THz bandwidth) have been extensively employed
in conventional networks. We recently focused on use of a novel wavelength band such as 1.0-μm (thousand band: T
band) together with the conventional C and L bands for enhancing usable optical frequency resources in future photonic
networks employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Therefore, here, we develop an ultra-broadband
photonic transport system in the T band to create novel optical frequency resources in that waveband. In the proposed
system, a holey fiber (HF) transmission line has been developed that is capable of ultra-broadband data transmission. In
this study, we demonstrated ultra-broadband, 10-Gbps, error-free operation in a T-band photonic transport system using
a wavelength tunable light source and an HF transmission line (typically >3.3 km). We successfully developed ultrabroadband
transmission capability beyond the 8.4-THz bandwidth (1037-1068 nm), from usable optical frequency
resources in the T band. In this band we also successfully demonstrate a polarization division multiplexing (PDM)
photonic transport system for achieving efficient use of optical frequency resources. To construct the photonic network
system of the future, we believe the technologies of the demonstrated T-band photonic transport systems using the HF
transmission line represent a pioneering breakthrough in the use of ultra-broadband optical frequency resources.
To open up new optical frequency resources available for optical communications, the concept of all-band photonics
has been proposed, which is based on the utilization of broadband of optical frequencies in the 1-μm waveband as a
novel photonic band for photonic transmission. In this study, an ultra-broadband photonic transport system was
developed by employing a long-distance holey-fiber transmission line to simultaneously use the 1-μm waveband and a
conventional waveband such as the C-band. We successfully demonstrate the use of a photonic transport system to
achieve simultaneous 10-Gbps error-free optical data transmissions in the 1-μm waveband and C-band.
An injection-seeding bandwidth of 4 THz (1042-1057 nm) was successfully obtained for a quantum-dot (QD) Fabry-
Perot laser diode operating in a 1-μm optical waveband. The operation of a fabricated laser was investigated for
transmission through a 1-km hole-assisted fiber (HAF), and clear eye-openings and almost power-penalty-free
transmission were successfully demonstrated with respect to 2.5 Gbps for various wavelengths in the 1-μm band.
To open up new optical frequency resources for communications, a concept called all-band photonics is proposed.
This concept focuses on 1-μm waveband photonic transmission and device technologies, thereby pioneering a new
waveband for photonic transport systems (PTSs). To construct the 1-μm PTS, a novel semiconductor light-source,
optical-fiber transmission lines, and optical amplifiers are developed. In this paper, we demonstrate a 1-μm waveband,
high bit-rate (>10 Gbps), and long-distance photonic transmission system by using attractive photonic devices such as
mode-locked semiconductor lasers (MLL), wavelength tunable quantum dot (QD) lasers, QD optical frequency comb
lasers (QD-CMLs), holey-fiber transmission lines, and Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers (YDFAs).
Semiconductor quantum dots have unique characteristics which advantage especially for saturable
absorbers. We characterized nonlinear optical absorption of highly-stacked InAs quantum dot layers on an InP
(311)B substrate in 1.5-μm band. High-density (5 x 1012 cm-2) quantum dots by stacked more than 150 layers
were recently fabricated with a strain-controlled technique for 1.5-μm communication devices. The
transmission increase for the vertical incidence was observed as much as 1%, and transmittance decreased at
higher intensity of incident pulse. The temporal behavior of the transmission increase showed two decay
components of a few picoseconds and several hundred picoseconds decay. The nonlinear absorption was
explained by the saturable absorption of the quantum dots layer and the two photon absorption of the InP
substrate. The features of the saturable absorber are suitable for application to a mode-locker for generating
short optical pulses in the 1.5-μm band. Analysis showed that we can tune the saturable absorption
characteristics by adjusting the numbers of quantum dot layers, thickness of residual InP substrate and
antireflection coating on the surfaces. We obtained planar type saturable absorbers at a typical saturation
intensity of 35MW/cm2 with 3.5% transmittance change for a traveling type and 8% change for reflective type,
respectively.
In this paper, we describe multiplexing format conversion by supercontinuum generation based lightwave management. The bi-lateral conversion and reconversion of multiplexing format of OTDM-to-WDM-to-OTDM and OCDM-to-WDM-to-OCDM are experimentally demonstrated at 40 Gbit/s (4 x 10 Gbit/s). The experimental scheme is based upon lightwave management both in the time domain and frequency domain. A potential of ultra-high-speed operation, as well as the large scalability, distinguishes the demonstrated lightwave management schemes from the conventional methods in the electronic domain.
Supercontinuum based sources and measurement techniques are developed, enabling optical ultra-broadband studies of nano-scale photonic crystal devices and integrated photonic circuits over 1.2 - 2.0 micron wavelength range. Experiments involving 1-D periodic photonic crystal microcavity waveguides and 3-D periodic photonic crystals with embedded point defects are described. Experimental findings are compared with rigorous electromagnetic simulations.
In this paper, we describe the design theory for the supercontinuum spectrum generation in an optical fiber. To generate a wideband supercontinuum spectrum, the balance between fiber nonlinearity and the amount of group velocity dispersion is important. Secondly, the experimental results of supercontinuum generation are shown. A few kinds of optical fibers such as a highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber and a highly nonlinear bismuth-oxide fiber are tested. Finally several applications of supercontinuum light are described. We demonstrate multi-wavelength light source, wavelength conversion, multiplexing format conversion, and optical characterization using a supercontinuum light source.
Bismuth oxide-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (Bi-EDFAs) are attractive because of their broad gain bandwidth and high gain per unit length. In this paper, several applications of broadband bismuth oxide-based erbium-doped fiber lasers (Bi-EDFLs) are reviewed including a wideband tunable single frequency Bi-EDFL, a femtosecond passively mode-locked Bi-EDFL, and applications to broadband spectrum generation.
We derive the Schawlow-Townes linewidth of mode-locked lasers, and discuss how the timing jitter affects the linewidth in passively/actively mode-locked laser diodes (MLLD's). The linewidth of longitudinal modes of MLLD's is much broader than the Schawlow-Townes linewidth due to the linewidth enhancement factor of the gain medium, and its characteristics depend on whether the laser is mode-locked passively or actively. For the case of active mode-locking, the detuning of the modulation frequency from the natural cavity frequency broadens the linewidth. In the experiment, we measure the linewidth of 10-GHz external cavity MLLD's and investigate the correlation with the noise characteristics of timing jitter and amplitude noise of the pulse train. The experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions.
Optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) technique and its applications to ultrafast photonic network are reviewed. After introducing the principle operation of OCDM, several experimental demonstrations are presented. These include a high spectral efficiency OCDM/WDM transmission, photonic access node, optical path networks, and photonic routing.
Future photonic networks will perform routing and switching in the optical layer by use of ultrafast photonic processing. An ultra-wideband hierarchical hybrid optical time division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing (OTDM/WDM) network is proposed for the future core photonic network. As its enabling technologies, continuous C- and L-wavelength-band signal generation, OTDM-WDM multiplexing format conversions, and OTDM wavelength-band conversions are demonstrated.
A Bismuth Oxide-based Erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) is a promising optical amplifier because it exhibits broad gain bandwidth and high gain in a very short device length. In this paper, broadband Bismuth Oxide-based Erbium-doped fiber lasers (Bi-EDFLs) are reviewed including a wavelength tunable L-band passively mode-locked Bi-EDFL and a C- and L-band continuously tunable single frequency Bi-EDFL.
Applications of optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) to multi-tera bit/s photonic network are reviewed. The experimental demonstrations include a high spectral efficiency OCDM/WDM transmission as a link technology and a transparent virtual optical code/wavelength path (VOCP/VWP) network as a node technology.
KEYWORDS: Wavelength division multiplexing, Picosecond phenomena, Optical amplifiers, Multiplexing, Ultrafast phenomena, L band, Multiplexers, Time division multiplexing, Eye, Control systems
Future photonic networks will perform routing and switching in the optical layer based upon ultrafast photonic processing. An ultra-wideband hierarchical hybrid optical time division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing (OTDM/WDM) network is proposed for the future core photonic network. As its enabling technologies, continuous C- and L- wavelength-band signal generation, OTDM-WDM multiplexing format conversions, and OTDM wavelength-band conversions are demonstrated.
A new system of multipoint temperature sensor using fiber-optic ring resonators is proposed. It is demonstrated that a multipoint sensor consisting of two ring resonators can measure temperature with resolution of 0.5 K.
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