Carbon content is one of the most influential factors of the mechanical behavior of iron and steel and a time marker of the fabrication period. The quantitative assessment of carbon content distribution in archaeological artefacts gives us insights on their properties and nature. We performed micro-LIBS analysis on archaeological steel in order to reconstruct its carbon content distribution map. The quantitative mapping of the carbon distribution enabled us to infer the different phases of the metallographic structure without time-consuming Nital attack treatment. In addition, LIBS carbon content mapping revealed phases that are invisible with metallographic method.
Over the last decade industrial ultrafast lasers with pulse durations between 300 fs and 10 ps, average output powers of up to 150 W and single pulse energies in the range of 10 to 250 μJ have been deployed in various industrial applications that require microscopic material removal within small areas with minimum heat affected zones. This paper will provide a detailed understanding of the influence of laser wavelength, pulse duration, pulse fluence and the temporal distribution of the laser pulses (i.e. seeder burst mode operation) on the speed and quality of the machining process. Experimental data for more than 25 materials commonly used in micro-machining applications have led to guidelines for optimizing ultrafast laser machining processes. A review of the industrial ultrafast laser market and a discussion of the main applications are also provided.
Laser ablation in burst mode enables operation close to the optimum pulse fluence of the material thus maximizing the ablation efficiency and reducing the heat affected zone. In addition, burst mode operation can enhance the ablation rate in some materials due to thermal interaction between burst pulses via the material. We have measured ablation rates for burst mode ablation on various materials (metals, semiconductors, dielectrics) as a function of pulse fluence, intra-burst repetition rate (60 MHz, 180 MHz, 360 MHz, 720 MHz, 1.44 GHz) and the number of pulses per burst (1-30), using a 40 μJ, 1035 nm Yb:Fiber MOPA with 300 fs pulse duration and repetition rates between 100 kHz and 250 kHz. The ablated geometries were rectangular cavities with side lengths of about 0.3 mm times 2 mm. The ablation efficiencies in burst mode operation are compared with the efficiencies that can be obtained with single pulse operation at high repetition rates and the same pulse fluence. Depending on material, number of pulses in the burst, intra-burst repetition rate and the ablation geometry, the ablation efficiency can be equal, lower or multiple times higher as compared to non-burst operation.
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