We propose an optical transformer model based on the MZI cascaded mesh architecture. By constructing the self-attention layer using MZI cascaded mesh, the model achieved 96.12% accuracy on the MNIST dataset, demonstrating the effectiveness and potential of implementing large transformer models using optical architecture.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal detection, Digital signal processing, Telecommunications, Photodetectors, Transmittance, Interference (communication), Space division multiplexing
The nonlinear effects in single-mode fiber and the constraints in device technology, time division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing cannot increase the capacity of optical fiber communication system unlimitedly. The development of space division multiplexing technology has increased the capacity of existing optical fiber communication systems by at least an order of magnitude. With the continuous improvement of transmission rate and system bandwidth in the long-haul communication, low cost and small size are also regarded as important factors in the future. In this work, the transmission performance of the low-cost self-coherent receiver and the mature coherent receiver in the long-haul mode division multiplexing system is compared. In the 32-Gbaud 6-mode dual-polarization QPSK transmission system with a fiber length of 80 km as the single span, two receiver schemes are compared considering the same configurations of the transmitter and the optical fiber link components. Compared the use of eight photodetectors integrated in the coherent receiver, the Kramers–Kronig (KK) receiver only requires two photodetectors to demodulate the dual-polarization transmission, while the phase recovery algorithm based on Hilbert transform in the KK receiver will increase the complexity of digital signal processing. Numerical results indicate that the KK receiver scheme has the advantages of lower cost and more compact size and shows the similar performance as the coherent receiver for the transmission of less than 2500 km, despite the requirement of larger transmitted power and algorithm complexity. It can also be concluded that, self-coherent receiver based on the KK algorithm can be a complementary detection solution to the coherent receiver for next-generation long-haul transmission networks with low-cost transceivers.
KEYWORDS: Telecommunications, Signal to noise ratio, Fiber optic communications, Optical amplifiers, Digital signal processing, Fiber amplifiers, Modulation, Binary data, Systems modeling
Due to the high transmission capacity, optical fiber systems have been widely applied in the modern telecommunication infrastructure to meet the ever-increasing demand of data traffic. Optical amplifiers have been employed to amplify optical signals and to compensate for the transmission losses. They play a key role in relaying the signals in ultra-wideband optical fiber communication systems. However, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise will be introduced and will pose constraints on the transmission information rates. The mutual information (MI) and the generalized mutual information (GMI) have been applied to evaluate the information rates in communication systems. In this work, we have investigated the impact of ASE noise on the MI and the GMI, and developed corresponding analyses across different modulation formats. Our work aims to explore the limit and requirements on optical amplifiers in next-generation ultra-wideband optical fiber communication systems.
We demonstrated a simultaneous residual chromatic dispersion (CD) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring method for non-return-to-zero on-off keying signals by employing the delay-tap sampling and image processing techniques. Delay-tap sampling scatter plots reflect the signal pulse shape change and image processing can extract the contour of the scatter plots. Numerical simulation shows that the OSNR monitoring range is from 12 to 32 dB with <0.5 dB error and the CD monitoring range is from 0 to 1360 ps/nm. In the experiment, the OSNR monitoring range is from 14 to 30 dB and the CD monitoring range can go up to 1275 ps/nm.
KEYWORDS: Phase shift keying, Telecommunications, Modulation, Digital signal processing, Optical communications, Signal to noise ratio, Algorithm development, Fiber optic communications, Signal detection, Interference (communication)
Nowadays, the coherent optical communication system plays an important role in communication field because of large capability and bandwidth. A coherent optical communication, based on high-order modulation and digital signal processing technologies, consists of optical transmitters, optical fiber lines, optical amplifiers and optical receivers. In the high-speed coherent optical communication system, the phase noise from the transmitter laser and the local oscillator laser can significantly degrade the performance of the signal transmission and detection, especially for the systems using high-order modulation format, such as m-ary phase shift keying (mPSK) and m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM). Therefore, investigations on laser phase noise compensation algorithm based on digital signal processing technologies has become more and more significant. In this work, a multi-ring carrier phase recovery algorithm is developed for compensating the laser phase noise in optical fiber communication systems using high-order modulation formats. Degradations on the performance of communication systems due to the laser phase noise have been investigated. The system performance using the proposed algorithm and the conventional Viterbi-Viterbi algorithm were also evaluated in 9-channel and 15- channel, 32-Gbaud, Nyquist-spaced QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM coherent transmission systems with considering the impact of the laser phase noise. It is found that the phase noise leads to stricter constraints on the linewidths of transmitter-side and receiver-side lasers, and it can greatly degrade the achievable information rates in communication systems. Besides, compared to the conventional Viterbi-Viterbi algorithm, which is usually applied in the QPSK system, our proposed algorithm can also well mitigate the laser phase noise in 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM optical communication systems.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Telecommunications, Digital signal processing, Optical fibers, Distortion, Optical communications, Optical amplifiers, Transmittance, Modulation, Fiber lasers
In digital signal processing (DSP) based coherent optical communication systems, the effect of equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN) will seriously degrade the transmission performance of high-capacity optical transmission system. In this paper, we have investigated the influence of EEPN on 9-channel 32-Gbaud dual-polarization 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-64QAM) Nyquist-spaced superchannel optical field trial by using electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) and multi-channel digital backpropagation (MC-DBP). The deteriorations caused by EEPN on the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and achievable information rates (AIRs) in high-speed optical communication systems have been studied. The system performance versus back-propagated bandwidth under different laser linewidth have also been demonstrated. The SNR penalty due to the distortion of EEPN achieves ~5.11 dB when FF-DBP is implemented, which informs that FF-DBP is more susceptible to EEPN, especially when the LO laser linewidth is larger. The system AIR versus different transmission distance under different EEPN interference using EDC-only and MC-DBP have also been evaluated, which show that there is a trade-off on the selection of lasers and back-propagated bandwidths to achieve a target AIR.
The effect of equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN) will be introduced in digital signal processing (DSP) based coherent optical communication systems. The EEPN will seriously degrade the transmission performance of a highcapacity optical transmission system. In this work, the influence of EEPN on the performance of dual-polarization 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-16QAM) optical transmission system using the electrical dispersion compensation (EDC), the single-channel digital back-propagation (DBP), the partial-bandwidth DBP and the full-field DBP (FF-DBP) were comparatively evaluated with and without considering distortions from the EEPN. Deteriorations on achievable information rates (AIRs) and modulation error ratios (MERs) of optical communication systems due to EEPN have also been assessed. Numerical results indicate that the transmission performance of coherent optical systems can be significantly degraded by the EEPN, especially when FF-DBP is used for the nonlinearity compensation. The larger the linewidth of the local oscillator (LO) laser is, the more serious the degradation caused by EEPN is. This deterioration leads to a decrease in optimal launch powers, AIRs and MERs in the long-haul optical communication systems. In the DP-16QAM transmission system, because of the interference of the EEPN generated by the LO laser with a linewidth of 1 MHz, the degradations on the AIR and MER are 0.15 Tbit/s and 4.15 dB in the case of FF-DBP, respectively. It can also be concluded that, for coherent optical systems with long transmission distances and high symbol rates, the compensation bandwidth and the computational complexity of MC-DBP in the DSP module can be significantly reduced by using narrower-linewidth LO lasers
We report a novel device that the reflected intensity of Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in a polarization-maintaing fewmode fiber (PM-FMF) is tuned by temperature from 56°C to 156°C with a wavelength shift of 1nm and intensity decrease of ~10dBm. The reflection spectrum and corresponding mode coupling are analyzed, the calcultated birefringence B for LPo1, LP11a and LP11b polarized modes are 4.3×10-4 , 4.6×10-4 and 4.7×10-4 , respectively, which agree with the specified birefringence of the PM-FMF, B ~5.0×10-4 .
6×10 Gb/s polarization- and mode-multiplexed transmission without MIMO equalization for data center applications is experimentally demonstrated, over a 200-m elliptical core with two PANDA stress rods few-mode fiber (EP-FMF). This fiber simultaneously breaks the degeneracies of space and polarization in a mode group. A large effective index difference (Δneff=6.6×10-4 ) between adjacent modes among 6-modes is achieved over the entire C band, which translates to lower crosstalk than previous fiber designs. A polarization crosstalk of <-16 dB over 200 m and loss less than 0.63 dB/km were achieved.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.