A unique method for removing backgrounds from inline holograms using a numerically scaled illuminating beam intensity is proposed. To eliminate differences between the intensities of the illuminating beam and recorded holograms, the scaling employs a contrast function, which is calculated in the spatial frequency domain. Since it is free from manual intensity ratio adjustment, the proposed method is applicable to Gabor’s setup. The experimental results show that the proposed nonuniform background elimination method can retrieve the interference fringes better than conventional methods, improving the quality of the reconstructed images.
A new method for eliminating background signal in Fourier transform profilometry by using images of object and reference plane is proposed. In comparison with the phase-shifting method, the proposed method employs the same number of grating projections and is less affected by jitter from LCD projector. Experimental verifications of the height reconstruction by using the proposed method is in agreement with that by using the direct contact method.
3-D shape reconstructions by using Fourier transform profilometry via a first-order derivative of Gaussian and Morlet wavelet are experimentally studied. The advantage of using the wavelet filters is that they have the same shape in the spatial and the spectra domains. Experimental results show that Morlet wavelet gives better shape reconstruction, because its transfer function is well localized.
A method for improving accuracy in Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD)-based particle size measurements from inline holograms using flip and replication technique (FRT) is proposed. The FRT extends the length of hologram signals being analyzed, yielding better spatial-frequency resolution of the WVD output. Experimental results verify reduction in measurement error as the length of the hologram signals increases. The proposed method is suitable for particle sizing from holograms recorded using small-sized image sensors.
Extractions of particle positions from inline holograms using a single coefficient of Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD) are experimentally verified. WVD analysis of holograms gives local variation of fringe frequency. Regardless of an axial position of particles, one of the WVD coefficients has the unique characteristics of having the lowest amplitude and being located on a line with a slope inversely proportional to the particle position. Experimental results obtained using two image sensors with different resolutions verify the feasibility of the present method.
A laser diode device for pre cataract surgery test is proposed. The operation is based on the speckle generated on the retina by the cataract lens, when the cataract lens is illuminated with a coherent laser light.
KEYWORDS: Particles, Holograms, Digital holography, Holography, Computer simulations, 3D image reconstruction, Signal analyzers, Fourier transforms, Spatial frequencies, Computing systems
A new method for extracting information from particle holograms by using a single coefficient of Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) is proposed to obviate drawbacks of conventional numerical reconstructions. Our previous study found that analysis of the holograms by using the WVD gives output coefficients which are mainly confined along a diagonal direction intercepted at the origin of the WVD plane. The slope of this diagonal direction is inversely proportional to the particle position. One of these coefficients always has minimum amplitude, regardless of the particle position. By detecting position of the coefficient with minimum amplitude in the WVD plane, the particle position can be accurately measured. The proposed method is verified through computer simulations.
Acousto-optic effects have been used to perform computationally extensive signal and image processing. The paper first discusses spatial modulation of light by using the acousto-optic modulator. Following this, applications of the acoustooptic modulator to time signal analysis are presented, with the emphasis on the Fourier spectrum analysis and joint timefrequency signal representation.
Properties of Wigner-Ville distribution’s coefficients obtained from in-line holograms are studied. It is found that the WVD coefficients corresponding to local fringe frequencies are mainly confined along a diagonal stripe intercepted at the origin of the WVD plane. The slope of this diagonal stripe is inversely proportional to the particle position. One of the coefficients always has minimum amplitude, regardless of the particle position.
Retinal recognition by using a compression-based joint transform correlator (CBJTC) is experimentally studied. Retinal target and reference images are JPEG compressed. Experimental results show that the target compression is useful for noise suppression. In the case of weak noise presence, the recognition performance can be improved as high as that of the classical JTC.
We report the implementation of a high speed and high resolution spectrometer-based spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system. A high speed near-infrared spectrometer was designed and built, utilizing a high speed line-array CMOS detector and all off-the-shelf optical components. The acquisition speed of more than 100,000 spectra per second was achieved, enabling a high speed 3D imaging of the implemented SD-OCT system. Here, we report the performance characterization, i.e. resolution, imaging depth, and sensitivity of the implemented system. The penetration depth and depth resolution of the system are currently 2 mm and 14.1 μm, respectively. The lateral resolution of the system was quantified by the Modulation transfer function (MTF) measurement to be about 15.5 μm. over the lateral field-of-view (x-y axes) of 30 mm × 30 mm. The acquisition speed of the system was 20 frames per second.
A new method for measuring object size from in-line holograms by using Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) is proposed. The proposed method has advantages over conventional numerical reconstruction in that it is free from iterative process and it can extract the object size and position with only single computation of the WVD. Experimental verification of the proposed method is presented.
A new method for eliminating unwanted background of Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) by using simple dc bias and background eliminations from the deformed grating images is proposed. The proposed method has an advantage over a conventional FTP in that the 3-D object profile can be accurately measured although original fundamental spectra are corrupted by a zeroth-order spectrum. Experimental verifications of the proposed method are presented.
Pattern recognition by using joint transform correlator with JPEG-compressed reference images is studied. Human face and fingerprint images are used as test scenes with different spatial frequency contents. Recognition performance is quantitatively measured by taking into account effect of imbalance illumination and noise presence. The feasibility of implementing the proposed JTC is verified by using computer simulations and experiments.
Retinal recognition by using compression-based joint transform correlator (JTC) is proposed. Recognition performance is quantitatively measured by taking into account effect of imbalanced illuminations and noise presence. The simulation results show that the compression-based JTC has reliable recognition performance for high-contrast retina target. Besides acceleration of image transfer time, the compression of the noise-corrupted retina target images can improve the correlator robustness to noise.
A novel method for retinal blood vessel detection by using a wavelet-matched filter is proposed to improve the detection performance. Vessel references are generated by using dual Gaussian functions with different widths, separations, and orientations, while a Mexican hat wavelet is used for feature enhancements. The results show that the proposed method has advantages over the conventional matched filter in that the vessels can be easily distinguished from the fluctuating background without the need of a thresholding process, and vessel images can be precisely reconstructed.
Retina recognition by using joint transform correlator (JTC) with JPEG-compressed target and reference images is proposed. Recognition performance is studied by using retina images with different contrasts employed as test scenes. The simulation results show that regardless of the reference contrast, the compression-based JTC offers better recognition performance for a high-contrast target. The compression of target images has advantages in that recognition degradation caused by noise can be reduced and image transfer time delay can be accelerated.
Random phase mask has been widely used for increasing security of holographic image encryption. This works study
effect of random phase mask on quality of decrypted images through computer simulations. The results show that the
image quality depends of the position of the phase mask with respect to the input image.
A new method for improving detection performance of modified amplitude-modulated joint transform correlators by using a smoothed amplitude-modulated filter (AMF) is proposed. Smoothing of the filter is done to reduce dependence of the detection performance on a threshold value. Simulation results show that recognitions of intratarget scenes can be optimized by using a single smoothed AMF generated at low threshold.
We propose a new digital method for tracking position of particles from in-line holograms by using single wavelet
coefficient. By computing a wavelet transform of the 1-D intensity profile of a hologram, resultant wavelet coefficients
provide space-varying frequency information of an interference pattern. Our study finds that a dilation which is given by
the maximum value of the real wavelet coefficient appeared at the center position of the interference pattern is
determined by a recording distance and a wavelength of a coherent illuminating light. Therefore, this dilation can be used
for extracting the recording distance of particles from the holograms. A feasibility of this method is experimentally
verified by analyzing holograms of a line object.
Effects of the threshold value on the multiple-target detection performance of a modified amplitude-modulated joint transform correlator are studied on the basis of computer simulations, using human fingerprint and face images. Correlation outputs are quantitatively measured by means of a primary-to-secondary peak ratio and a peak-to-correlation-deviation ratio. The simulation results reveal that the detection of high-contrast targets can be optimized by using a low-threshold. In the case of low-contrast targets, the optimization depends on spatial-frequency contents and noise.
A new method for sizing particle from in-line Fraunhofer holograms by using absolute values of the wavelet transform is proposed. The method gives zero-crossing points of an envelope function of the hologram which are determined by the particle size. Since the resultant zero-crossing points are functions of the dilation parameter, the frequencies of the fringes at the zero-crossing points are measured. The particle size can be finally calculated from the relationship between the frequencies with the positions of the zero-crossing points. The experimental results agree well with the theory.
A real-time implementation of a joint transform correlator by using JPEG-compressed reference images is proposed in order to solve storage problems and improve the time response of automatic target recognition systems. The correlation performance is studied quantitatively by using two types of images with different spatial-frequency contents. The simulation results show that in comparison with the compressed high-spatial-frequency images, the joint transform correlator using the compressed low-spatial-frequency reference image offers better recognition performance in that it is robust to noise and contrast difference for a wide range of compression levels.
A new method for fingerprint identification is proposed, using an ANFIS-based matching algorithm, which is suitable for large-scale identification systems. In this algorithm, the Gabor transform is used to extract features of fingerprints, while ANFIS is trained to identify the resultant Gabor features. Experimental verifications show that this proposed matching algorithm has high accuracy.
A new digital method for measuring size of particle and its position from in-line particle holograms is proposed. In our proposed method, the position of particle is obtained by using a wavelet transform, while its size is retrieved by a reconstruction of envelope function. Usefulness of our proposed method is experimentally verified. The system limitation of the method is discussed.
A new method for implementing optical header recognition by using spectral hologram as address bank is proposed as a cost-effective way of realizing routing in IP-over-photonic networks. The spectral hologram is employed to store the header addresses. The header recognition is performed by taking a correlation between an incoming optical address with those stored in the hologram. Due to a difference of spectral response between commercially available holographic media and optical fibers, a second-harmonic optical header-address signal is generated and used both in a synthesis of the spectral hologram and in a recognition processes of the header addresses
Effects of image compression on digital specklegrams are studied in order to solve storage problem of the speckle photography. By measuring a sharpness of correlation peak computed from the compressed specklegram, information quality of the specklegram is studied. The preliminary study shows that the specklegram could be compressed about 12 times smaller without distorting its information content.
Automatic particle sizing and tracking by using a wavelet transform is proposed. In comparison with a conventional correlation method, our proposed method obviates the inherent limitations of matched filters and improves the accuracy of measurements.
We propose a novel method for improving association abilities of an optical associative memory by using wavelet transform. On the basis of an edge-enhancement and multiscaling properties of the wavelet transform, a sharp correlation peak between a partial input and a stored datum can be produced. Therefore, higher association abilities could be performed.
A new method to improve association abilities of holographic associative memory using wavelet-matched filtering is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed method is simple, shift invariant, and free from undesirable output.
A new method for implementing optically real-time wavelet-matched filtering is proposed by using nonlinear four-wave mixing in photorefractive media. In comparison with conventional matched filtering, the proposed method is able to give higher discrimination ability. Experimental results for optical character recognition are presented.
A new compact optical processor is proposed for implementing the synaptic interconnections of artificial neural networks. As a consequence of exploiting coordinate transformations, the synaptic elements are compact and applicable to any information. Hence, for use in conjunction with spatial light modulators, the proposed system leads to a programmable neural network. The synaptic interconnections between neurons are performed by means of diffractive optical elements. The required local phase variations of the diffractive optical elements are determined by using the Wigner distribution function. Preliminary experimental verification is presented for the 1-D and the 2-D synapses of neural networks
A new method is proposed for evaluating the local displacement of objects in speckle photography by using a Wigner distribution function (WDF). It is applied to evaluate the displacement of 1D specklegrams as well as specklegrams of the ground glass and rubber plate which are slightly shifted and stretched, respectively. As a preliminary study, the local spectra W(x,(omega) ) are qualitatively and quantitatively verified in comparison with the theoretical results and the conventional Young''s interference fringes. The results show the feasibility of evaluating the displacement of objects using the WDF.
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