Over twenty years ago Coherent introduced the first products based on the then novel Optically Pumped Semiconductor Laser Technology (OPSL). Since then, OPS lasers have found application in a variety of fields and today Coherent offers a full product line based on the technology. In this presentation we’ll cover the history of the development, from laboratory demonstrations to commercial success. We’ll describe some of the technical hurdles that we overcame along the way and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the technology in the marketplace as well as other practical considerations.
Sodium Guidestar Lasers (SGLs) are an important element of adaptive-optics (AO) image correction techniques for astronomical observatories. In recent years, the astronomy community has employed Raman shifted fiber lasers to meet the need. However, emerging applications would greatly benefit by a reduction in the cost per Watt of on-sky power and the Size Weight and Power (SWAP) required by the laser. Small (meter-class) observatories seek to incorporate AO systems to meet space situational awareness and free space laser communication applications. Simultaneously, large (10 meter class) observatories require larger numbers of lasers on-sky to implement multi-conjugate AO systems. Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs), also referred to as Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs), represent a technology pathway to realizing Sodium Guidestar Lasers (SGL)s with high performance, compact size, high reliability, and low acquisition and maintenance costs. In pursuit of the next generation of SGL, we demonstrate <15W of single-frequency power at 589 nm based on in intracavity frequency doubling of 1178 nm fundamental wavelength VECSEL. Our work characterizes laser performance with an emphasis on suitability for guidestar laser applications. We examine, wavelength stability, linewidth, tuning and tuning agility and the ability to lock the laser to the sodium transition. In addition, we demonstrate simultaneous generation collinear beams with a frequency spacing of approximately 1.7 GHz.
The bandwidth of an optically pumped semiconductor laser (OPS) is determined by the bandwidth of the material gain, the bandwidth of the longitudinal confinement factor (LCF), and the bandwidth of the Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR). For a typical OPS structure at 1064nm, the bandwidth of the DBR is the largest among them. In this work, we demonstrate a tunable OPS structure with broadened material gain and LCF, so that the bandwidth of the OPS is close to the bandwidth of the DBR. The laser outputs more than 2W, tunable in a wavelength range of 1035 – 1100nm.
The most technologically mature optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) are based on InGaAs quantum wells (QW) for emission in the 900-1200 nm range. The low wavelength boundary is set by both the bandgap of InGaAs and the most common pump wavelength of 808 nm. To extend the wavelength coverage into 700 – 900 nm, a different QW system and a different pump wavelength are needed. In this work, we present the progress and result in the development of AlGaAs-based OPSL.
Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) have been replacing legacy gas lasers and solid state lasers for over a decade, due to their superior properties such as compactness, high efficiency, low noise, wavelength scalability, and power scalability. It has wide applications in life sciences, medical therapeutics, light show, and other scientific researches. In this work, we present a gain model and couple it to the thermal management of high power OPSL.
Self-heating of Optically Pumped Semiconductor (OPS) chip has been identified as the major limiting factor of power scaling in OPS-based lasers in continuous wave (cw) mode. In this work, characterization of OPS lasers in short pulse (100 ns) and low duty cycle (1%) regime, where self-heating is negligible, as a function of the heat sink temperature is presented. This data, combined with a rigorous thermal model, allows us to predict OPS chip performance in new cooling configurations for power scaling.
Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) offer the advantage of excellent beam quality, wavelength agility, and high power scaling capability. In this talk we will present our recent progress of high-power, 920nm OPSLs frequency doubled to 460nm for lightshow applications. Fundamental challenges and mitigations are revealed through electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical modeling. Results also include beam quality enhancement in addressing the competition from diode lasers.
We present laser results of OPS structures based on highly strained InGaAs quantum wells emitting at 1178nm and
frequency doubled to produce high power, high beam quality laser radiation at 589nm. The laser architecture is the same
as in our commercial offerings, allowing us to achieve the desired results with a system significantly simpler than
alternative approaches.
Optically-pumped semiconductor (OPS) lasers are power-scalable, wavelength-flexible, infrared brightness converters.
Adding intra-cavity frequency doubling turns them into efficient, low noise, high power visible laser sources. We report
on a laser combining an InGaAs gain medium with an LBO nonlinear crystal to produce more than 20 Watt CW in
single transverse mode at 532 nm. Efficient cooling of the single gain chip using advanced mounting techniques is the
key to making the laser reliable at high CW powers. A rugged and compact package withstands significant
environmental excursions. The laser's low noise makes it suitable for demanding Ti:Sapphire pumping applications.
Ultrashort pulse (USP) Ti:Sapphire oscillators are constantly improving in cost, performance, and reliability. These
improvements have been driven in part by improvements in the CW lasers used to pump the Ti:Sapphire gain medium.
Recent development of optically-pumped semiconductor (OPS) lasers heralds a USP pump source that reduces cost and
complexity while maintaining a high standard of performance and reliability. OPS lasers offer significant advantages
with respect to traditional diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers in regards to wavelength flexibility, broad pump
tolerance, efficient spectral and spatial brightness conversion and high power scaling. In this paper, we report the
performance of different types of ultrashort pulse Ti:Sapphire oscillators pumped by OPS lasers: broad bandwidth
(approximately 100 nm) negative dispersion mirror based, broad bandwidth (approximately 100 nm) prism based, and
narrower bandwidth (approximately 10 nm) tunable prism based oscillator. We analyze the impact of multimode spatial
mode operation of the OPS pump laser on the mode quality, bandwidth and intensity noise of the USP oscillator output.
We compare the performance of USP oscillators pumped by multiple transverse mode OPS lasers with traditional single
transverse mode Nd:YVO4 DPSS lasers. We demonstrate excellent regenerative amplifier seeding with the OPS
pumped Ti:Sapphire oscillator.
Diode pumped frequency doubled Optically Pumped Semiconductor lasers (OPS), has proven to be a reliable source
of laser radiation in the blue and blue-green spectral range between 460 nm and 505 nm. One of the major
advantages of using semiconductors as gain medium is the possibility to tailor the wavelength of the semiconductor
material by means of band gap engineering. Here we report about new OPS material enabling the wavelength region
between 1090 nm and 1160 nm which allows the realization of frequency doubled lasers between 545 nm and 580
nm. Laser results up to several Watts in the yellow spectral range as well as efficiency and lifetime data will be
presented.
Power-scaling of optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL's) using a resonator with multiple OPS chips is
demonstrated. With a 3-chip cavity and intra-cavity second harmonic generation, we obtain 55W of TEM00 mode output
at 532 nm and 66 W in multi-transverse mode. In addition, we describe the design of a periodic dynamically stable
resonator that allows scaling to more than 4 chips and demonstrate that the output power scales with the number of chips
in the cavity.
Optically pumped semiconductor lasers offer significant advantages with respect to all traditional diode-pumped solid
state lasers (including fiber lasers) in regards to wavelength flexibility, broad pump tolerance, efficient spectral and
spatial brightness conversion and high power scaling. In this talk we will describe our recent progress in the lab and
applying this technology to commercial systems. Results include diversified wavelengths from 460 to 570nm, power
scaling to >60W of CW 532nm, and the launch of a low cost 5W CW visible source for forensic applications.
Lasers based on optically pumped semiconductors (OPS) offer unique capabilities in both wavelength tailoring and power scaling compared to traditional solid-state lasers. In particular, these lasers can be designed in wavelength to realize for instance 505nm, which enables excitation of two fluorescent dye chemistry sets originally established by 488 and 514 nm legacy argon lasers. Highly efficient intra cavity frequency doubling of an 1010nm OPS yields over 100 mW of output power at 505 nm. In this paper we will present a brief background on OPS technology. We will then discuss specifics of the 505 nm laser and present both performance and reliability data for this laser.
Vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) have been considered the “ultimate disk-laser” due
to their extremely thin active regions and because they take advantage of the high gain found in semiconductor
material. This paper discusses power scaling limitations, including heating effects, surface roughness losses, and
laterally guided amplified spontaneous emission (ASE).
Optically pumped semiconductor material is a complimentary gain medium for rare earth or transition metal doped crystals. The design of several compositions based on GaAs allows the realization of a wavelength range between 710nm and 1180nm. This can be diode pumped and frequency doubled to cover the near UV up to the yellow spectral range. The power is scaleable and we have realized several Watts at 488nm and 460nm. Experimental results will be presented and discussed as well as reliability data to show that this technology has ripened for industrial applications.
We discuss a compact RGB source with ouput power of several watts per color consisting of a red (638 nm) diode and OPS lasers with blue (460 nm) and green (530) nm output. Suitability for display applications is shown by replacing the lamp of a standard Rear Projection TV.
Optically pumped, external-cavity, surface emitting semiconductor lasers (also known as optically pumped semiconductor lasers, OPS lasers, and vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers, VECSELs) generate near-diffraction limited beams from low brightness diode-array pumps. We have demonstrated 30 W cw at 980 nm and 15 W cw at 488 nm in a single spatial mode from these emitters and believe they can be scaled to > 100 W. Potential applications we have explored for such devices include wavelength conversion, spectral and spatial brightness conversion.
We report the generation and characterization of plasma waveguides in a highly ionized Ar plasma created by a fast capillary discharge. Their results are of interest for the efficient longitudinal laser excitation of collisional soft x-ray lasers. A discharge-driven hydrodynamic compression guides progressively lower order modes through a plasma with increasing density and degree of ionization. The mode structure and guiding properties were investigated using near and far field imaging, and transmission measurements. The lowest order mode (FWHM diameter ~ 50 um) is guided with an energy transmission of ~ 75% over a 5.5 cm long plasma a fraction of a ns before the discharge plasma column reaches the conditions for lasing in Ne-like Ar. The rapid expansion of the highly ionized plasma column after the pinch forms a significantly more leaky and absorbent waveguide.
This paper gives an overview of recent soft x-ray laser research at Colorado State University. Progress related to capillary discharge source development includes the observation of emission from the 13.2-nm laser line of Nickel-like Cd in a plasma column generated by a high power capillary discharge. This result suggests it might be possible to extend capillary discharge lasers to significantly shorter wavelengths. In another approach to the generation of coherent soft x-ray radiation we analyzed the possibility of amplifying high order harmonic pulses in a discharge-pumped amplifier. The study of the already well- characterized 46.9-nm Ne-like Ar laser was extended with new spatial coherence and laser wavefront measurements, in work conducted in collaboration with U. California Berkeley and U. of Paris-Sud groups. In the field of applications, we have extended our previous results of plasma interferometry with a tabletop laser to plasma densities up to 0.9 x 1021 cm-3. Sequences of soft x-ray laser interferograms of plasmas generated by a Nd-YAG laser at intensities between 1 x 1011 W cm-2 and 7 x 1012 W cm-2 show the development and evolution of a concave electron density profile. The detailed mapping of this phenomenon with soft x-ray interferometry exemplifies the usefulness of compact soft x-ray lasers in increasing the understanding of high density plasmas.
Laser interferometry allows the recording of the electron density in a great variety of plasmas. However, the absorption and refraction imposes a limitation to the maximum density, plasma size and plasma gradient that can be measured with this technique. The development of compact soft x-ray laser sources gives the opportunity to extend the limits of plasma interferometry, probing plasmas with high densities and steep gradients. We present results of plasma interferometry using an amplitude division interferometer and a table top soft x-ray laser. The interferometer is a modified Mach-Zehnder configuration with diffraction gratings used as beam splitters. The soft x-ray laser is a 46.9 nm capillary discharge table-top laser. The set up was used to probe a laser-created plasma with a temporal resolution of approximately 1 ns and densities up to 6 1020 cm-3.
We report the first study of laser ablation and the demonstration of plasma interferometry with a tabletop soft x-ray laser. A capillary discharge pumped Ne-like Ar laser (46.9 nm) was focused using multilayer optics to significantly exceed the energy density necessary for the ablation of metals. Ablation in brass, stainless steel and aluminum samples is reported. The ablation patterns on brass were used in combination with ray tracing computations to characterize the focused soft x-ray laser beam. The radiation intensity within the 2 micrometer diameter central region of the focal spot is estimated to be approximately 1011 W/cm2, with an energy density of approximately 100 J/cm2. In a separate experiment we performed soft x-ray interferometry of a laser-created plasma using a table-top capillary discharge laser operating at 46.9 nm in combination with a novel amplitude division interferometer. The soft x-ray interferometer utilizes diffraction gratings as beam splitters in a Mach-Zehnder configuration to generate high contrast interferograms over a large field of view. This table-top system was used to probe a large-scale (3 mm long) plasma created by a Nd:YAG laser. The short wavelength of the probe laser has allowed mapping of the electron density in plasma regions with density gradients steeper than those that could be probed with the fourth harmonic of Nd:YAG for a plasma of this length.
We discuss the first demonstrations of plasma diagnostics using a tabletop soft x-ray laser. A very compact capillary discharge pumped Ne-like Ar laser operating 46.9 nm was used to perform shadowgraphy and interferometry experiments in discharge-created discharge plasma waveguide. In a second set of experiments we took advantage of the good spatial coherence of the capillary discharge laser to perform soft x-ray interferometry measurements. In a first experiment the laser was used in combination with a simple wavefront division interferometer based on Lloyd's mirror to map the electron density distribution in the cathode region of a pinch discharge. In our most recent experiment we used an amplitude division interferometer, which utilizes diffraction grating as beam splitters, to probe a large scale laser-created plasma. Both interferometer schemes can be adapted to operate at the wavelength corresponding to any of the presently available saturated soft x-ray lasers.
We report the first applications of a soft x-ray laser in materials processing and diagnostics. We have focused a Ne- like Ar capillary discharge laser ((lambda) equals 46.9 nm) operating at a repetition rate of 1 Hz using a spherical Si/Sc multilayer coated mirror. The energy density obtained significantly exceeded the threshold for the ablation of metals. Ablation of stainless steel, aluminum and brass samples is reported. The laser ablation patterns on brass were used in combination with ray tracing computations to characterize the focused beam. The radiation intensity within the 2 micrometers central region of the focal spot is estimated to be is congruent to 1011 W/cm2, with a corresponding energy density of is congruent to 100J/cm2. In a separate experiment we have conducted laser reflectometry measurements for a number of different samples. These measurements resulted in the characterization of the reflectivity of Si/Sc multilayer mirrors as a function of angle and in the determination of optical constants for Si, GaP, InP, GaAs, GaAsP and Ir. The measurements of InP and GaAsP resulted in the first experimental values to our knowledge for these materials at this wavelength.
Jorge Rocca, Cesar Moreno, Brady Benware, Mario Marconi, Vyacheslav Shlyaptsev, C. Maccheitto, Fernando Tomasel, Juan Gonzalez, Maximo Frati, Juan Chilla
We review the progress in the development of ultrashort- wavelength lasers based on discharge excitation. The observation of large soft x-ray amplification in Ne-like Ar at 46.9 nm in a capillary discharge created plasma [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1476, (1996)] have opened a new path for the development of compact and practical soft x-ray lasers. These results have shattered the earlier perception that discharge- created plasmas are insufficiently stable and uniform for soft x-ray lasing. We report results of a detailed characterization of the capillary discharge Ne-like Ar laser, that include near-field and far-field images of the laser output and the measurement of its spatial coherence. The recent demonstration of lasing in Ne-like S at 60.8 nm in material ablated from a solid target by a discharge is also discussed.
We report our most recent progress in the development of capillary discharge soft x-ray lasers. This includes the first observation of discharge-pumped ultrashort wavelength lasing in a material that is solid at room temperature (S), and preliminary results of discharges in Ca. Excitation by a capillary discharge of S vapor generated by discharge ablation of a solid target resulted in amplification in Ne-like S at 60.8 nm with a gain-length product of 7.5. Overheating of the electron temperature respect to steady-state ionization conditions and transient population effects significantly increased the gain above the steady state-value. The results of two-dimensional near-field and far-field imaging of a saturated table-top Ne-like Ar laser and the measurement of its spatial coherence as a function of amplifier length are also reported and compared with model calculations. The generation of a capillary discharge plasma waveguide is to be used in combination with ultrashort pulse laser excitation for the generation of a new kind of efficient collisional soft x- ray laser is discussed.
We have measured the variation of the spatial coherence with plasma column length in a saturated table-top 46.9 nm Ne-like Ar capillary discharge soft x-ray amplifier for lengths up to 16.4 cm. The measurements, which are in good agreement with time dependent wave-optics model computations, provide the first experimental evidence of a monotonic increase of the coherence with length in a soft x-ray amplifier. The variation of the coherence across the beam profile was also studied. Off-axis the coherence is larger in the tangential than in the radical direction.
Operation of a discharge-pumped 46.9 nm Ne-like Ar amplifier at gain length products up to gl approximately equal to 14 is reported. The laser line intensity is observed to increase exponentially for plasma column lengths up to 15 cm, above which it is observed to saturate. The saturation behavior is discussed. Results of the parameterization of the discharge pumped amplifier and the measurement of the soft x-ray laser pulsewidth also are reported. The use of an axial magnetic field, that limits the maximum plasma compression and decreases the density gradients, is observed to cause a moderate increase of the soft x-ray laser intensity and a beam profile that is more Gaussian.
Experiments conducted at Colorado State University, which resulted in the first demonstration of large soft x-ray amplification in a discharge-created plasma, are reviewed. The most recent measurements, conducted in capillary discharges up to 20 cm in length, have yielded an amplification of approximately equals exp(14) in the 46.9 nm line of Ne-like argon. The dependence of the line intensity with discharge parameters and the dynamics of the capillary plasma column under lasing conditions are reported. Prospects for laser operation at shorter wavelengths are also discussed.
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