KEYWORDS: Multiplexing, Holography, Data storage, Holograms, 3D image reconstruction, Signal to noise ratio, Optical discs, Interference (communication), Diffraction limit, Diffraction
Surface holograms, such as computer-generated holograms, as a recording medium enable optical data storage systems that combine high-speed readout, semi-permanent storage lifetime, and mass production. We proposed a unique system that enables simultaneous parallel readout of multi-channel time series signals by shift multiplexing hundreds of surface holograms. The degradation of readout signals caused by Raman-Nath diffracted light, which had been the greatest scientific challenge, was significantly improved by properly designing signal and reference light patterns. The storage density and data transfer rate of the proposed system with this method were quantitatively evaluated considering the signal-to-noise ratio. The recording density was estimated to be comparable to current optical disks, which are limited by the diffraction limit. On the other hand, it was estimated that the proposed system can be expected to simultaneously readout time series signals with approximately 500 times more channels than an optical disk.
KEYWORDS: Education and training, Holography, Data storage, Super resolution, Neural networks, Holograms, Tunable filters, Spatial light modulators, Holographic data storage systems, Deep learning
In this paper, we propose a super-resolution holographic data storage system based on deep learning. A low-pass filter was introduced into the Fourier plane to remove the high frequency. This produces a blurred intensity image of the reconstructed beam. A convolutional neural network is used to establish the relationship between the blurred intensity image and the data page. The encoded phase data page can be directly demodulated from a captured intensity image, which is a non-interferometric method without iterations. The function of the filter is to generate the blurred intensity image and to reduce the recording area to improve the recording intensity. Usually, the limit of the aperture is the Nyquist size. Here, by introducing embedded data on the phase data page, the aperture size of the recording can be reduced to smaller than the Nyquist size. A simulation experiment was established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
We have investigated the storage density for the intensity-modulated and phase-modulated signals by using a holographic simulator. In our simulation, the diffracted image was calculated considering two important aspects in actual holographic data storage systems. One is the aperture inserted in the signal optical path, and the other is the oblique hologram shape formed in the recording medium. Our numerical simulation revealed that 8-level phase-modulated multivalued signal increases the storage density by a factor of 2.4 compared to the intensity binary signals. We also report on our recent studies for designing a signal pattern to increase the storage density.
We have recently proposed a single-shot phase detection method in holographic data storage system. A phase-modulated signal can be retrieved from information of embedded known-phase pixels and intensities at pixel boundary where the diffracted waves from adjacent pixels interfere with each other owing to the inter-pixel crosstalk. So far, we have confirmed the validity of our proposed method numerically and experimentally. In this presentation, we report on our recent progress on this method.
KEYWORDS: Data storage, Holography, Signal detection, Holographic data storage systems, Tolerancing, 3D image reconstruction, Volume holography, Holograms, Temperature metrology, Interferometry
We report on a single-shot phase detection method for holographic data storage systems using polychromatic reconstruction (PCR). In PCR, the multi-step interferometric measurements cannot be applied for signal phase detection, because the reconstructed image consists of the broad spectral components spatially distributed within the page. Our proposed method utilizes inter-pixel crosstalk caused by an aperture inserted in the Fourier plane of the input image, and does not require any interferometric measurements, like a four-step phase-shifting method. We have numerically investigated pixel error rates of phase-encoded signals in PCR, and confirm the validity of our proposed method.
Phase-encoded multi-valued signal has advantages of the simultaneous increase of storage density and data transfer rate. However, to acquire the phase information, it is usually required that the diffracted image interferes with another plane wave because the imaging device cannot obtain the phase information directly. Such an additional process leads to complication of the optical system, and lowering the transfer rate due to the plurality of detection.
To address this issue, we proposed a simple method of extracting phase-encoded signal by one image acquisition without using any other plane wave. This method utilizes inter-pixel crosstalk to retrieve the recorded phase. In the holographic data storage system, the rectangular aperture is usually inserted in the Fourier plane of the input image in order to limit the exposure area of the recording medium. Since this aperture is also acting as a low-pass filter, transmitted image is blurred and inter-pixel crosstalk occurs. At the boundary of pixels, the light waves of adjacent pixels interfere with each other, and its resultant intensity is determined by the relative phase between adjacent pixels. Therefore, if the known-phase pixels are properly arranged in the input image, we can determine the unknown phase from the intensity at the boundary.
In order to estimate the reconstruction ability of our proposed method, we have numerically investigated the pixel error rate of 4-level phase encoded signal as a function of aperture size and detecting area at the boundary. We also confirmed the validity of our proposed method experimentally.
Recently new photopolymers that does not require scheduled exposure in the multiple page writing for the holographic memory was introduced. Its sensitivity does not decrease throughout the multiple page writing process. We will explain why this photopolymer has such a property with our reaction model. The key is the existence of the molecules which make seeds of the polymers. At the first exposure process to record the page data, seeds are produced corresponding to the light intensity distribution. Then after writing the information of all multiplexed pages, the seeds are growing to be polymers under the spatially uniform light illumination.
The recording density limit of the collinear holographic memory purely determined by the optical system, that is under
the assumption that the recording material is ideal, is estimated. Signal to noise ratio is decreasing with the increase of
the number of overlapped hologram pages because of the increase of the off- and degenerated-Bragg diffraction from the
gratings in the holograms increases. The signal to noise ratio is calculated with the plane wave model accompanied with
statistical considerations. It is shown that 5 Tbyte recording in a compact disc size is possible in ideal case.
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVDTM) using CollinearTM Technologies is proposed by OPTWARE Corporation, in which
the information and reference beams are displayed co-axially by the same SLM. With this unique configuration the
optical pickup can be designed as small as the DVD's, and can be placed on one side of the recording disc. In HVDTM
structure, the pre-formatted meta-data reflective layer is used for the focus/tracking servo and reading address
information, and the dichroic mirror layer is used for detecting holographic recording information without interfering
with the preformatted information. A 2-dimensional digital page data format is used and the shift-multiplexing method
is employed to increased recording density of HVDTM. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the holographic
material is very effective to increased recording density of the system. As the servo technology is being introduced to
control the objective lens to be maintained precisely to the disc in the recording and the reconstructing process, a
vibration isolator is no longer necessary. HVDTM will be compatible with existing disc storage systems, like CD and
DVD, and enable us to expand its applications into other optical information storage systems.
Numerical simulations of the signal decay with media shift were performed. Principle of the shift selectivity of the
data pages are explained with our simple numerical model. Decay of the diffracted signal is calculated with the shift of
the media. The dependencies of the shift selectivity on the reference pixel patterns, radius and width of the of the
reference pixel area, and the media thickness. Shift selectivity of the page does not depend on the media thickness or
reference pixel patterns. It is mainly determined by the radius and the width of the reference pixel area.
Photorefractive properties of Fe, Mn, and Rh doped 0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.09PbTiO3 (0.91PZN-0.09PT) are investigated. Relaxor ferroelectric crystals are expected to show large photorefractive effect due to its large piezoelectric effect near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Crystals are grown by flux solution method, then cut, polished, and poled along [110] direction. Absorption spectrum, photorefractive two-beam coupling gain, and response speed were measured as functions of the grating period, and light intensity, at several wavelengths for each doped and undoped samples. Photoconductivity and photochromism in Fe doped crystal were estimated. Fe doping enhanced the photorefractive effect and net two-beam coupling gain of 19 cm-1was obtained. Rh doping increased the gain at 633 nm compared to the undoped sample. From the intensity dependence of the two-beam coupling gain, two-center model is suitable for explaining the photorefractive properties of Fe doped samples. For all samples, doping of the ions slowed down the response speed because of the decrease of the photoconductivity.
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