We have applied VIS-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to study different human skin lesions. A new set of features has been derived through the analysis of their spectra to discriminate among normal skin and skin lesions.
The transmittance photoplethysmographic signals recorded with multiple NIR laser diodes in athletes along a maximal exercise test by treadmill ergometer and the results after processing are presented in comparison to the established reference techniques.
Pigmented skin lesions have been studied by optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Our measure system consists of a portable visible near infrared (550-1000 nm) spectrometer, tungsten-halogen lamp and fibre optic probes. The system was tested in steady state conditions. After that, a reproducibility study of normal and pigmented skin spectra was carried out. A small scale study has been conducted in human volunteers with different clinically evaluated lesions. The analysis of the collected spectra is shown.
The increase in the incidence of pigmented skin lesions in the last decade together with the fact that early detection could allow a mortality reduction has lead to the development of spectrometric diagnostic techniques applicable to dermatology. These techniques are based on the evidence that the presence of malignant cells should somehow alter the optical characteristics of epidermis with respect to the healthy one and a different reflectance spectrum should appear. The subjectivity of the clinical observation by the specialist is, in this way, substituted by an objective technique, with the improve of the specificity and the sensitivity. The aim of this work is to obtain a skin reflectance database of both benign and malignant lesions as well as of healthy skin which permits to establish algorithms and discrimination rules for a more objective identification of different pigmented skin lesions. The measure system consists of a portable visible near infrared (600-1000 nm) spectrometer (AVS-USB200, Avantes), a tungsten halogen lamp (HL-200) and fiber optics reflection probes. The parameters of that system and their variability has been tested in steady state conditions by using neutral filters and a white reference tile. A reproducibility study of both normal and pigmented skin diffuse reflectance spectra has been carried out. After that a small scale study of selected subjects have been conducted. This study has comprised the collection of spectra from different skin pigmented lesions and the clinical evaluation of its lesions characteristics by the dermatologist. The results after the analysis of the collected data are presented.
Pulse oximeters are used for the non-invasive monitoring of arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation. This technique is based on the time variable optical attenuation by a vascular bed due to the cardiac pumping action (photoplethysmography) and the differential optical absorption of the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. The photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals measured at two specific wavelengths are decomposed into its variable or pulsating component (EAC) and the constant or non-pulsating component (EDC) for deriving a parameter related to the arterial blood oxygen saturation (So2). Previously it has been reported a signal processing algorithm for a near infrared (NIR) laser diodes based transmittance pulse oximetry system. The main difficulties in the extraction of the information from the PPG signals are the small value of the signals variation related to their constant values, and the presence of artefacts caused by macro- and micro- movements of the part under analysis. The proposed algorithm permits the numeric separation of the variable and constant parts of the signals for both wavelengths. The EDC is obtained by a low pass filtering, and EAC by a pass-band one, followed by a non-linear filtering based on histogram reduction. In the present work is exposed the analysis of the influence of processing parameters like filters cut-off frequencies and histogram reduction percentage, on the derived So2 values. The test has been conducted both on real and simulated PPG signals. The real PPG has been recorded through experimental studies with human subjects using the NIR laser diodes based transmittance pulse oximetry system. The sources of artefacts and noise in the laser diodes PPG signals are discussed.
A transmittance pulse oximetry system based on near-infrared laser diodes (LD) for monitoring arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation (So2) has been previously reported. In this work we present the results obtained after improvements in the sensor configuration, signal processing algorithm and calibration procedure. The pulse oximetry system also comprises the sensor electronics, and a data acquisition board installed on a handheld personal computer. The two LD chips are mounted on a single metal heat-sink and as photo- detectors are used silicon p-i-n photodiodes with the first amplifier stage situated in their back side. The real time calculation of the parameters related to So2 is carried out through a numeric separation of the pulsatile and non- pulsatile components of the photoplethysmographic signals for both wavelengths and a non-linear filtering. Patients with respiratory failure conditions were monitored as a part of the calibration procedure in order to cover a wide range of So2-values. A calibration curve have been derived through the determination of in vitro arterial So2 with a significant quantity of experimental points ranging from 60 to almost 100%. The obtained results demonstrate that it is possible to apply the proposed system to monitoring a wide range of oxygen saturation levels.
A transmittance pulse oximeter based on near-infrared laser diodes for monitoring arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation has been developed and tested. The measurement system consists of the optical sensor, sensor electronics, acquisition board and personal computer. The system has been tested in a two-part experimental study involving human volunteers. A calibration curve was derived and healthy volunteers were monitored under normal and apnea conditions, both with the proposed system and with a commercial pulse oximeter. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of using a sensor with laser diodes emitting at specific near-infrared wavelengths for pulse oximetry.
We show that low levels of no coherent and no polarized infrared light induce modifications in human blood cells. An infrared GaAs 6 mW power output light emitting diode irradiate healthy erythrocytes for times from 1 to 30 minutes. We found a threshold time form which light induces changes in normal blood cells, changing its morphology and distribution. Irradiated fresh human blood from 82 healthy patients showed modifications independent of patient's age. This phenomenon may be explained by considering the rotational movement of lipids in both surfaces of lipid bilayer, their magnetic field and interaction with iron hemoglobin.
Interest in the interaction of low power light with tissues has increased in the last few years. Very often, the stimulating effects of irradiation have been explained by the role of the coherence of laser radiation as it acts upon biological objects. This argument is not convincing and the purpose of the present report is to describe the experiences during two years working with infrared (IR) GaAs light emitting diodes (LED) as clinical light for the therapy of some dental diseases. Equipment was designed and built, FOTOTER, which was approved by the National Health Office (registration No. 7910B). The treatment was practiced on 360 patients. They presented pain on buccal or facial structures and disorders on buccal tissues. Pathologies, number of patients treated, application time in each trigger point, number of sessions, and the relief pain patients are summarized. We conclude that the therapy with IR LED has the same effects as the HeNe and GaAs laser therapy on the biological buccal tissues. We recommend LED therapy for the treatment of these dentistry diseases.
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