We have proposed a concave–convex lens for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system, which provides more received power than conventional lenses. Ray trajectories using a hemispherical lens, compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), dielectric totally internally reflecting concentrator, and the proposed lens have been simulated in COMSOL software, and it has been shown that the proposed lens provides better convergence at the exit aperture. Also, the images of individual light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are distinguishable, and hence it can support a higher diversity order for the MIMO system. It has been found that our designed lens provides 1.081 times more received power than the hemispherical lens. We have investigated that the average received power using a concave–convex lens is 2.3593 and 1.3737 times more than the received power through bare (uniform refractive index) CPC and gradient-index-based CPC lenses, respectively. We have compared the channel gain using concave–convex and hemispherical lenses considering different values of incidence and half power semiangle of LED. The concave–convex lens has more gain and better volume efficiency; therefore, it can be considered as an appropriate choice for a compact receiver system in an MIMO-VLC system.
A phase extraction technique based on data dependent system (DDS) method in higher order modal interference (LP01 and
LP02) within the birefringent optical fiber is presented. A frequency modulated optical signal from a laser diode was
launched into the fiber and the higher modes were excited. The interference patterns recorded at the output end of the
fiber was digitized and characterized by means of autoregressive model. Self coherence function of an interferogram was
obtained from the autoregressive parameters and this would provide the phase change due to the measurand. The
modulation of group delay was obtained from the phase curve through unwrapping. An application has been made for
measurement of strain in an array of simply supported beam and cantilever beam at different locations under different
loading conditions. Results have been compared with those obtained using Fourier transform method and parametric
method for different applied strain (200-2000 μstrain).
The use of low coherence broad band optical source in Mach- Zehnder type optical fiber interferometric sensor is presented. The cross-sensitivity effect has been studied for simultaneous measurement of temperature strain. The DFTS technique has been used to retrieve the phase modulation from the interferogram.
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