Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers are promising candidates for high performance modulator. An EO polymer modulator has excellent optical properties such as low driven voltage and high-speed operation. We successfully developed an EO polymer to demonstrate modulator for visible wavelength. A modulator was demonstrated and evaluated using developed EO polymer at wavelength 640nm. As results of applying a voltage to the fabricated modulator, the voltage-length product 0.52 Vcm was obtained. This is much more efficient than the conventional modulator for near-infrared wavelength.
The modulator using organic electro-optic (EO) polymers has excellent optical properties such as high-speed operation and low driven voltage. The modulator using EO polymer were previously proposed and demonstrated at communication wavelength. We prepared the EO polymer to demonstrate the modulator operated at visible wavelength. Our synthesized EO polymer has low optical loss at operating wavelength. The Mach-Zehnder modulator was fabricated to evaluate modulation properties. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the highly efficient modulator using EO polymer at visible wavelength.
In Beyond 5G wireless communication, the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology that transmits signal waveforms of terahertz waves (0.1-10 THz) using optical fibers will be important. To realize such technology, it is required to develop a device that converts a terahertz signal into an optical signal. Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers can have large EO coefficients (> ~100 pm/V) and realize ultra-high-speed optical modulation of several hundred GHz or more. In this research, we prototyped 150-GHz-band antenna-coupled optical modulators with EO polymer waveguides and patch antenna arrays using a transfer and bonding method of a poled EO polymer film.
We developed a high-performance EO polymer for visible light by adopting figures of merit (FOMs) including wavelength factors to compare the performance of EO polymers over a wide wavelength range. We found EO polymers whose FOMs at 640 nm are larger than those at 1550 nm of the C-band EO polymer. A modulator using the EO polymer for visible light gives that the modulator’s figure of merit, VpiL is as small as 0.65 V·cm, which is smaller than the typical value of C-band EO polymer modulators.
Ultra-high frequency electric field detection such as terahertz electric field is one of the most important terahertz technologies, and various applications are expected in fields of terahertz science and ultra-high-speed wireless communication. In this research, we have developed a new fabrication technique for producing free-standing films of poled EO polymers and laminated films with various film thicknesses for a high-efficiency and wideband THz wave detection using Pockels effect or Stark effect of EO polymers. For this purpose, polycarbonate (PC) based EO polymers with a high glass transition temperature and robustness are used.
EO polymer/silicon hybrid optical modulators have attracted much attention to their potential use of the optical interconnects in data center for small drive voltage and low-power-consumption. We investigated the photochemical stability of our synthesized O-band compatible EO polymer under irradiation by using a continuous-wave 1310-nm laser. In this presentation, we will report the results of the temperature dependence of the rate constant. Based on the results obtained, we will discuss the effects of excited singlet oxygen on the photochemical stability of the EO polymers.
In Beyond 5G wireless communication, it is expected that the radio over fiber (RoF) technology that transmits signal waveforms of terahertz waves (0.1-10 THz) using optical fibers will be important. In this research, we fabricated optical modulators consisting of the patch antenna arrays and electro-optic (EO) polymer waveguides, aiming to develop a device that directly modulates light by irradiating electromagnetic waves in the W band (75-110 GHz). We also prototyped a device structure with a ground electrode to improve the efficiency of the electromagnetic wave detection.
We have been investigating an optical phased array (OPA) using an electro-optic (EO) polymer, that can control the shape and direction of an optical beam at high speed. In this study, we propose an OPA which consists of hybrid waveguides with organic and inorganic optical core materials. By applying the taper structure to the inorganic core at the connection part, we inproved coupling efficiency.
Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers have attracted much attention to their potential use of the optical interconnection for faster data communication. Photochemical stability is a crucial problem to be solved for using in commercial systems. We investigated the photochemical stability of the EO polymers under irradiation of a laser at the O-band (1310 nm) to reveal the factors of photodegradation and to obtain a good estimate for the operating lifetime of the devices. Based on the results obtained, we will discuss the effects of excited singlet oxygen on the photochemical stability of the EO polymers.
Stark effect is usually ignored because large effect is observed only at a wavelength where absorption is large. However, we found that contribution of the Stark effect is not negligible in the measurement of EO coefficient r even at a wavelength where the absorption is relatively small. Large Stark effect is useful for terahertz (THz) wave detection. The advantages of THz wave detection by the Stark effect is the wide bandwidth and simple optical geometry. Utilizing the Stark effect in EO polymers provides us with a wide variety of applications for electromagnetic wave detection.
In the present study, we fabricated novel electro-optic (EO) phase modulators using EO polymer waveguides and gold antenna arrays for continuous-wave terahertz (THz) detection. We used a cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) with very small absorption losses and low dielectric constants in the THz region as a substrate, enabling relatively large antenna size with small absorption loss for increasing modulation efficiency. By irradiating W-band (75-110 GHz) electromagnetic waves on the devices, we observed modulation sidebands in the measured optical spectra and successfully demonstrated the electromagnetic wave detection.
We present a phase compensation method for an optical phased array (OPA) to manipulate a sharply defined optical beam. Undesirable initial phase distribution caused by non-uniformity of fabrication processes and variation in the characteristics of phase shifters is measured by utilizing phase-shifting digital holography, where a light wave from a waveguide in arrayed waveguides is used as a reference wave and light waves from the other waveguides are used as object waves. The initial phases can be compensated by using the measured result without falling into local optimal solutions. A numerical simulation showed that the initial phases were correctly measured and compensated by using the proposed method. Applications of the proposed compensation method to a fabricated OPA with 16-channel electro-optic polymer waveguides results in obtaining a sharply defined optical beam.
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are attractive material for single-photon sources (SPSs) that can be utilized at room temperature. In this work, we performed simultaneous measurements of photoluminescence (PL) decay curve and second-order photon correlation, g(2), on single CQDs to study the purity of their single photons, which is determined by the value of g(2)at the time origin. We demonstrate that the single-photon purity can be improved through time-gated g(2) analysis, where a part of the PL signal is excluded by applying a temporal filter to the PL decay curve. We show that by using a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, it is possible to observe highly-purified single photons that exhibited g(2) at the time origin ranging from 0.01 to 0.02.
Electro-optic (EO) polymers are key materials for next generation optical communications not only in wide area network but also in local area and storage area network because EO polymer modulator can be operated at fast speed more than 100 GHz with low energy consumption and can be miniaturized in combination with silicon photonics. In practical applications, thermal stability is one of the important issues to be considered for developing EO polymers. Since EO activity of the polymer is proportional to dipole orientation factor of the EO moieties, electric field assisted poling around glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer is necessary. However, the poled order of the molecules relaxes gradually at finite temperature, and then EO activity decreases after long period of time. We have successfully developed thermally stable EO polymers that have high-Tg up to 180 °C. They show excellent thermal stability with the Telcordia thermal test. Thermal stability is also characterized by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurement. Analyzing the TSDC, we can estimate the activation energy and relaxation time of polarization at any temperature. We will discuss thermal stability of the high-Tg EO polymers and devices.
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a promising biomaterial for several applications. Optical excitation of bR at an electrode-electrolyte interface generates differential photocurrents while an incident light is turned on and off. This unique functional response is similar to that seen in retinal neurons. The bR-based bipolar photosensor consists of the bR dip-coated thin films patterned on two ITO plates and the electrolyte solution. This bipolar photocell will function as a biomimetic photoreceptor cell. The bipolar structure, due to the photocurrent being generated in alignment with the cathodic direction, makes the excitatory and inhibitory regions possible. This scheme shows our bipolar cell can act as a basic unit of edge detection and forms the artificial visual receptive field.
The two-photon excited fluorescence spectra from CdSe quantum dots on SiN film with two-dimensional photonic
crystal are studied. The fluorescence and decay process from quantum dots in solvent are compared. Two-photon excited
fluorescence is enhanced by photonic crystal in vertical direction, and the blue shift of the spectrum is found on photonic
crystal. The mechanism of the enhancement and the blue shift of spectrum are explained.
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