Nanoscale-engineered optical systems have been thoroughly investigated for a few decades due to their fascinating abilities to confine and enhance electromagnetic fields in very sub-wavelength and have a large number of applications in domains like biosensing, enhanced-Raman spectroscopy, metamaterials, photothermal therapy, and plasmomechanics. In addition, the recent astonishing ability of phononic crystals to control acoustic or elastic waves has been demonstrated. As an elastic wave modulates in time both the shape and the refractive index of the supporting structure, it is possible to influence the optical response of the same system. We propose a subwavelength optomechanical structure that instead relies on a double resonance to achieve strong modulation at near-infrared wavelengths. Precisely, we investigate the coupling between an optical Fano resonant mode and phononic resonances carried within a 2D metamaterial. The latter was designed to exhibit simultaneous phononic and photonic high Q-factor resonances and it is composed of silver slits deposited on a lithium niobate substrate. The phononic properties are first determined and show that several vibration modes can be electrically induced through the specific design of the structure that behaves as an interdigitated transducer. The structure geometries for each mode is then determined over an acoustic period and used to point out the optical transmission modifications when the structure is illuminated at the normal incidence by a linearly polarized plane wave. Original results are obtained for some modes (the first two odd phononic modes) showing a very efficient and non-linear modification of the transmitted intensity. Different operating procedures are then explored by changing the operation optical wavelength value. This study opens the way to the design of a new generation of extremely miniaturized optoacoustic devices.
Light propagation in small-core photonic crystal fibers enables tight optical confinement over long propagation lengths to enhance light-matter interactions. Not only can photonic crystal fibers compress light spatially, they also provide a tunable means to control light-hypersound interactions. By exploring Brillouin light scattering in a small-core and high air-filling fraction microstructured fiber, we report the observation of Brillouin scattering from surface acoustic waves at lower frequencies than standard Brillouin scattering from bulk acoustic waves. This effect could find potential applications for optical sensing technologies that exploit surface acoustic waves.
We investigate Brillouin scattering in hybrid As2Se3 PMMA tapered fiber and demonstrate that Brillouin
frequency shift can be widely tuned over a broad radio-frequency range by varying the core diameter of the
optical tapered fiber.
We demonstrate experimentally and numerically the generation of a new class of surface acoustic waves in a
subwavelength-diameter silica microwire and term this new effect as surface acoustic wave Brillouin scattering
(SAWBS).
Sub-micron waveguides and cavities have been shown to produce the confinement of elastic and optical waves in the
same devices in order to benefit from their interaction. It has been shown that square and honeycomb lattices are the
most suitable to produce simultaneous photonic and phononic band gaps on suspended silicon slabs. The introduction of
line defects on such "phoxonic" (or optomechanical) crystals should lead to an enhanced interaction between confined
light and sound. In this work we report on the experimental measurements of light guiding through waveguides created
in these kinds of two-dimensional photonic crystal membranes. The dimensions of the fabricated structures are chosen to
provide a "phoxonic" bandgap with a photonic gap around 1550 nm. For both kinds of lattice, we observe a high-transmission
band when introducing a linear defect, although it is observed for TM polarization in the honeycomb lattice
and for TE in the square. Using the plane-wave expansion and the finite element methods we demonstrate that the guided
modes are below the light line and, therefore, without additional losses beside fabrication imperfections. Our results lead
us to conclude that waveguides implemented in honeycomb and square lattice "phoxonic" crystals are a very suitable
platform to observe an enhanced interaction between propagating photons and phonons.
We demonstrate that the acoustic phonons involved in stimulated Brillouin scattering (both forward and backward)
in phoxonic waveguide can be completely described by using electrostrictive forces. Numerical calculation
for bridge waveguide in silicon and silica illustrate the model.
We consider phoxonic crystals in relation with their application to photon-phonon interaction. The main interests
of such structures are the possibility to confine simultaneously optical and elastic waves in cavities and waveguides
and to engineer the photonic and phononic dispersion relations of waveguides. A variety of coupling mechanisms
are discussed for exaltation or quenching, including classical photo-elastic coupling as a volume interaction effect,
and couplings introduced by moving boundaries or resonator dimensions.
Periodic media offer impressive opportunities to manipulate the transport of classical waves namely light or sound.
Elastic waves can scatter light through the so-called acousto-optic interaction which is widely used to control
light in telecommunication systems and, additionally, the radiation pressure of light can generate elastic waves.
Concurrent control of both light and sound through simultaneous photonic-phononic, often called phoxonic, bandgap
structures is intended to advance both our understanding as well as our ability to manipulate light with
sound and vise versa. In particular co-localization of light and sound in phoxonic cavities could trigger nonlinear
absorption and emission processes and lead to enhanced acousto-optic effects. In the present communication,
we present our efforts towards the design of different phoxonic crystal architectures such as three-dimensional
metallodielectric structures, two-dimensional patterned silicon slabs and simple one-dimensional multilayers,
and provide optimum parameters for operation at telecom light and GHz sound. These structures can be used
to design phoxonic cavities and study the acousto-optic interaction of localized light and sound, or phoxonic
waveguides for tailored slow light-slow sound transport. We also discuss the acousto-optic interaction in onedimensional
multilayer structures and study the enhanced modulation of light by acoustic waves in a phoxonic
cavity, where a consistent interpretation of the physics of the interaction can be deduced from the time evolution
of the scattered optical field, under the influence of an acoustic wave.
When phononic crystal were first introduced in the early 1990's, their ability to prohibit acoustic wave propagation
was first demonstrated for bulk waves. Since then, it has been shown that these artificial materials offer
unprecedented ways of steering the course of any type of elastic waves, bulk or guided. A series of works has
then focused on investigating the effects these artificial materials could have on already confined surface-guided
waves, an interest clearly driven by the prominent position surface acoustic waves and their combination with
piezoelectric solids occupy in the vast field of wireless telecommunication systems. Theoretical reports stated
that complete surface wave band gaps could be obtained in perfect 2D structures. Experimental demonstrations
did not live up to one's expectations, though: significant energy loss was observed for frequencies supposedly
lying above the bandgap and coupling of the acoustic energy to the bulk substrate was blamed. The radiation
of these modes located above a sound line - defined by the dispersion relation of the bulk mode with the lowest
velocity - seemed to cast a genuine stumbling block on the development of phononic structures relying on surface
waves. Yet, if losses are unavoidable there, configurations do exist that can make them acceptable. In this paper,
we will focus more closely on recent theoretical and experimental results that show, through the simulation,
fabrication and characterization of a hypersonic phononic crystal, not only that bandgaps can be obtained at
near-GHz frequencies, but also that a clear transmission of the signal can be observed even for modes lying
within the sound cone.
We study guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) in several photonic crystal fibers (PCF) with different
kind of air-hole microstructure and we show this effect is enhanced only for a few acoustic phonons. The results of our
numerical simulations based on a finite element method reveal that these acosuti waves emitted in the GHz range are
indeed trapped within the air-hole microstructure, in good agreement with experimental observations. The periodic
wavelength-scale air-hole microstructure of solid-core PCFs can indeed drastically alter the transverse elastic waves
distribution and therefore forward Brillouin scattering compared to what is commonly observed in conventional all-silica
fibers. We show additionnally that the elasto-optic diffraction coefficient and the transverse acousto-optic field overlap
are maximum for these acoustic waves. For the most intense GAWBS modes, we investigate the scattering efficiency
and temperature dependence of the fundamental phonon frequency for sensing applications.
Phononic crystals are two- or three-dimensional periodic structures that are composed with two or more materials
with different elastic constants, giving rise to complete band gaps under specific conditions. Band structures
are usually employed to describe infinite phononic crystals, as they provide one with all propagative waves in
the periodic medium, or Bloch waves. It is however well known that evanescent waves must be considered in
propagation problems whenever scattering, diffusion, or diffraction by a finite object are involved. We have
extended the classical plane wave expansion (PWE) method so that it includes complex wave vectors in the
direction of propagation at a fixed frequency. The new complex PWE method has been used to generate complex
band structures for two-dimensional phononic crystals. Both propagative and evanescent solutions are found at
once. This method of analysis is expected to become the basic building block to solve scattering problems in
phononic crystals, yielding naturally diffraction efficiencies, as is illustrated with an example. In addition, it
directly gives the eigenfrequency contours that are required to understand refraction (positive or negative) in
phononic crystals.
We report on the experimental and theoretical investigation two kinds of acoustic waves in two dimensional phononic
crystal: bulk acoustic waves and surface acoustic waves. For bulk acoustic waves, the work focuses on the experimental
observation of full acoustic band gaps in a two-dimensional lattice of steel cylinders immersed in water as well as
deaf bands that cause strong attenuation in the transmission for honeycomb and triangular lattices. For surface acoustic
waves, complete acoustic band gaps found experimentally in a two-dimensional square-lattice piezoelectric phononic crystal
etched in lithium niobate will be presented. Propagation in the phononic crystal is studied by direct generation and
detection of surface waves using interdigital transducers. The complete band gap extends from 203 to 226 MHz, in good
agreement with theoretical predictions. Near the upper edge of the complete band gap, it is observed that radiation to the
bulk of the substrate dominates. This observation is explained by introducing the concept of sound line.
If a number of experiments aiming at demonstrating fundamental properties of phononic crystals have been successfully implemented, a need for enlarging both the research and the application fields of these structures has more recently risen. Surface acoustic waves appear as appealing candidates to set a new ground for illustrative experiments involving some different physical concepts from those usually observed when dealing with bulk waves. The possibility of a direct excitation of these surface waves on a piezoelectric material, and their already extensive use in ultrasonics also make them an interesting basis for phononic crystal based, acoustic signal processing devices. In this work, wave propagation in a square lattice, piezoelectric phononic crystal consisting of air holes etched in a lithium niobate matrix is both theoretically and experimentally investigated. The crystal was fabricated by reactive ion etching of a bulk lithium niobate substrate. Standard interdigital transducers were used to characterize the phononic structure by direct electrical generation and detection of surface waves. A full band gap around 200 MHz was experimentally demonstrated, and close agreement is found with theoretical predictions.
The recent theoretical and experimental demonstrations of stop bands for surface acoustic waves have greatly enlarged the potential application field for phononic crystals. The possibility of a direct excitation of these surface waves on a piezoelectric material, and their already extensive use in ultrasonics make them an interesting basis for phononic crystal based, acoustic signal processing devices. In this paper, we report on the demonstration of the existence of an absolute band gap for surface waves in a piezoelectric phononic crystal. The Surface Acoustic Wave propagation in a square lattice, two-dimensional lithium niobate phononic crystal is both theoretically and experimentally studied. A plane wave expansion method is used to predict the band gap position and width. The crystal was then fabricated by reactive ion etching of a bulk lithium niobate substrate. Standard interdigital transducers were used to characterize the phononic structure by direct electrical generation and detection of surface waves. A full band gap around 200 MHz was experimentally demonstrated, and close agreement is found with theoretical predictions.
In the race towards attosecond (as) pulses for which high order harmonics generated in rare gases are the best candidates, both the Harmonic spectral range and spectral phase have to be controlled. We present in this proceeding four mirrors numerically optimized and designed to compensate for the intrinsic Harmonic chirp recently discovered and which is responsible for a temporal broadening of the pulses. They are capable of compressing the duration down to 100 as. We present the fabrication of those aperiodic multilayers and show the measurement of reflectivity, which prooves that those multilayers are in agreement with the specifications and so let us think that they will be able to compress attosecond high harmonics trains.
In this paper, we report for the first time the feasibility of coding by coherence modulation in 2D optical correlator using a spatially and temporally incoherent light source. This technique allows to carry out simultaneously several correlation products. The reported results have been obtained with a broadband source, such as a white-light source.
Liquid-crystal televisions are inexpensive display devices that can be used as arbitrary quasi-phase modulators to achieve arbitrary wavefront shapes, these are limited only by the available modulation depth and resolution. We discuss the properties of these devices and then demonstrate four applications of a particular liquid-crystal television: an active lens system, programmable optical image processing experiments, the resolution enhancement of an image sensor, and the measurement of the sensitivity of heterodyne detection to wavefront aberrations.
We present the concept of a wide-field-of-view and atmospheric- distortion-insensitive coherent detection. We propose to mix a local oscillator plane wave and a focused backscattered signal on the detector. In first approximation, the field-of-view is only limited by the size of the detector. An original experimental set- up at (lambda) equals 633 nm is presented to validate this technique. We control the phase of the backscattered signal using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). This permits us to steer or to distort the wave front of the backscattered signal in order to measure and compare the field-of-view and the atmospheric perturbations sensitivity of the two set-ups. We will present the performances (wide field-of-view, distortion sensitivity, . . .) of our architecture.
An optical photorefractive joint transform correlator (PRJTC) was built using a twisted liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the input plane to display the images and a photorefractive crystal in the Fourier plane to perform the nonlinear correlation. We present here new correlation filters to optimize the correlation. There filters are correlated with the scene instead of the simple reference. To calculated these filters, we introduce two characteristics of the setup to optimize the filters: the nonlinearity of the photorefractive crystal, the coding domain of the displaying device.
A high speed optical correlator is presented in this paper. It is a joint transform correlator using a BSO photorefractive crystal in the Fourier plane. The performance of the system such a rotation and scale robustness are presented for fingerprint recognition. To demonstrate the interest of such an optical processor, a comparison with numerical systems is presented. Besides, we will also show that the evolution of correlators is quite compatible with the evolution of numerical processors.
A high-speed optical photorefractive correlator using a ferroelectric spatial light modulator and a new type of binary filters optimized for the crystal nonlinearity will be presented in terms of characteristics and performances.
The concept of the liquid crystal active lens basically amounts to adding a phase-only spatial light modulator to a classical lens. The modulator controls the phase of the optical wave in the pupil and achieves an arbitrary wavefront shape, that is limited only by the available modulation depth and resolution. We propose to apply the liquid crystal active lens to optical image processing. We demonstrate experimentally that directional edge extraction can be accomplished by subtracting shifted frames. The width of the edges can be varied continuously with our system. Focal length shifting can also be controlled continuously to yield low-pass filtering. After subtraction from the original frame, high-pass filtering is obtained as we show experimentally.
The problem of image noise estimation for improved noise robustness and discrimination capabilities of optical correlation filters is discussed. Colored noise is often used in the literature as an approximation to the true noise spectral density in the input image of a correlator. This conjecture is verified on different kinds of input images, i.e. their power spectral densities are fitted to a colored noise model. The quality of the resulting approximation is discussed. It is then shown that incorporating this noise estimation into optimal trade-off filters can significantly improve both the discrimination capabilities and the signal to noise ratio of the resulting adaptive correlation filter above that of the classical filters for which the noise parameters are not estimated. Although its performances are in general found to be markedly inferior to those of true nonlinear filtering techniques that are optimal for adaptive image correlation, the proposed adaptive method is attractive in terms of computation time. The optical implementation of the proposed method is also presented.
We present new optoelectronic architectures, based on parallel delay lines, performing programmable filtering of microwave signals. According to current performances of optoelectronic components, they can process optically carried microwave signals over frequency bandwidths as large as 20 GHz, with a time-frequency product up to 103. The operating principle of these structures is detailed and followed by the preliminary experimental demonstration at 1.3 GHz of a 53 dB rejection filter.
KEYWORDS: Nonlinear filtering, Linear filtering, Image filtering, Optimal filtering, Detection and tracking algorithms, Electronic filtering, Signal to noise ratio, Algorithm development, Strontium, Phase only filters
An adaptive correlation-based tracker has been developed. It uses discriminant nonlinear filters which offer more robustness to noise, background, and object distortions. Computers simulations show test results for a small target tracking, and good capabilities are demonstrated without post-processing of the correlation plane. The algorithm developed here works where well-known linear filters failed.
We design an incoherent correlator based on the shadow casting principle, including a bipolar representation of correlation filters. This correlator is totally new to our knowledge, and is furthermore very simple and low cost, although it can not handle large resolution images. The bipolar technique allows us to represent any linear filter in the correlator. We demonstrate experimentally its efficiency in the case of optimal trade-off filters.
Typical coding domains, including phase-only, binary phase-only, amplitude-only, spiral and ternary codings, are compared from the point of view of their filtering performances. This comparison is based on a multicriteria optimization method recently introduced for the determination of optimal trade-off filters for implementation on arbitrary spatial light modulators in the Fourier plane of an optical correlator. Constrained filter design examples are presented for illustration of the method.
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