KEYWORDS: Neurons, Calcium, Education and training, Two photon imaging, Infrared radiation, Pulse signals, Infrared imaging, Brain, Neurophotonics, In vivo imaging
SignificancePulsed infrared neural stimulation (INS, 1875 nm) is an emerging neurostimulation technology that delivers focal pulsed heat to activate functionally specific mesoscale networks and holds promise for clinical application. However, little is known about its effect on excitatory and inhibitory cell types in cerebral cortex.AimEstimates of summed population neuronal response time courses provide a potential basis for neural and hemodynamic signals described in other studies.ApproachUsing two-photon calcium imaging in mouse somatosensory cortex, we have examined the effect of INS pulse train application on hSyn neurons and mDlx neurons tagged with GCaMP6s.ResultsWe find that, in anesthetized mice, each INS pulse train reliably induces robust response in hSyn neurons exhibiting positive going responses. Surprisingly, mDlx neurons exhibit negative going responses. Quantification using the index of correlation illustrates responses are reproducible, intensity-dependent, and focal. Also, a contralateral activation is observed when INS applied.ConclusionsIn sum, the population of neurons stimulated by INS includes both hSyn and mDlx neurons; within a range of stimulation intensities, this leads to overall excitation in the stimulated population, leading to the previously observed activations at distant post-synaptic sites.
Infrared neural stimulation (INS, 1875 nm) is an emerging neuromodulation technology that holds promise for clinical application. However, little is known about its effect on excitatory and inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. Here, using two-photon calcium imaging in the awake mouse somatosensory cortex, we have examined the effect of INS pulse train application on non-GABAergic (hSyn) excitatory neurons and GABAergic (mDlx) inhibitory neurons tagged with GCaMP6s. We find that each INS pulse train reliably induces a robust response in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons characterized by an initial decrease in intracellular calcium signal followed by a positive rebound; cessation of the several pulse trains leads to a large positive rebound, most prominently seen in non-GABAergic neurons. Quantification using indices of correlation, oscillation amplitude, and size of post-stimulation rebound illustrates responses are intensity-dependent and distance-dependent. Estimates of summed population response timecourses provide a potential basis for neural and hemodynamic signals described in other studies.
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