Dr. Bill A. Goodman Profile

Dr. Bill A. Goodman

CEO/President at Goodman Technologies LLC

SPIE Involvement:

Author | Editor | Startup Challenge Mentor | Startup Challenge Judge

Area of Expertise:

High Energy Lasers , Space Optics , Survivability , Contamination , Optical Materials

Publications (24)

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

3D printed silicon carbide scalable to meter-class segments for Origins Space Telescope

Bill Goodman

Proceedings Volume 11819, 118190J (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595168

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Mirrors, Optics manufacturing, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Silicon, Polymers, Additive manufacturing, Imaging systems, Printing

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During a NASA Phase II SBIR project the Goodman Technologies (GT) team developed and competed two advanced processes for producing large silicon carbide (SiC) mirror substrates and structures, both processes which could ultimately be performed in the microgravity environment of space. The process of scale-up from Phase I mirror substrates was anything but easy; over 250 unsuccessful trials were performed before achieving a printable substrate. A new Z-process allowed for conversion of moldable (but not printable) nanopastes into Pathfinder mirror components. The team also overcame delays associated with shutdowns due to COVID-19. The work did ultimately result in the demonstration of the world’s large 3D/AM SiC mirror substrates (25-cm scale). The first process, the Robocasting or Direct Ink Writing (DIW) printing process, was employed to 3D print engineered nanopastes consisting of SiC particulates with sizes ranging from the nanometer to micron scales mixed and suspended homogeneously in a preceramic polymer and liquid solvent solution. A large computer numerically controlled (CNC) platform with a 1.2-meter by 1.2-meter build bed was modified to become a large prototype “robocaster”. Modifications included incorporation of a large build plate (an optical bench top), a fluid supply system and syringes, a 750 W infrared (IR) heater, and programming. More than 200 experiments were conducted on the prototype robocaster, unsuccessfully, over a span of 16-months. Every print job would crack, and/or warp, and/or delaminate either during printing, or during low temperature curing, or during low-temperature polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP), or during high-temperature (PIP). Through massive effort, we finally overcame the engineering issues. Using a production robocaster, the ability to 3D print, join and then cure individual off-axis parabolic (OAP) mirror substrate segments (4 of them) to make a 25-cm monolithic Pathfinder mirror substrate for subsequent densification and pyrolysis was ultimately demonstrated. Two 25- cm monolithic substrates were printed and cured successfully. All of the robocast parts ultimately warped or bowed and/or cracked during low-temperature pyrolysis or high-temperature PIP steps. Through internally funded efforts performed by GT it was confirmed that as cured robocast material can be silicon melt infiltrated to form a very low silicon content of reaction bonded silicon carbide. GT also found that robocast material densified via polymer infiltration pyrolysis results in a polishable material. The second process GT developed and employed with UHM is the Z-process. The Z-process starts with a moldable (but not printable) nanopaste consisting of SiC particulates with sizes ranging from the nanometer to micron scales mixed and suspended homogeneously in a preceramic polymer and liquid solvent solution. The moldable nanopaste is compacted in a custom designed metallic and graphitic tooling set which also contains a precision mandrel. Compaction serves to squeeze out “extra” liquid phase material from the nanopaste while conforming the nanopaste to the shape of the mandrel prior to curing. Once cured the part is almost theoretical density and requires only a few steps of PIP to fully densify the part. PIP is accomplished at temperatures much lower than silicon melt infiltration (>160°C), chemical vapor deposition (>1450°C), or conventional sintering (>2200 °C), providing enormous energy savings. The Z-process tooling can be used multiple times providing economy of numbers. The Z-process was successfully used to join 4-OAP segments and a backside lattice supporting structure. This paper shall discuss the results of progress made towards the manufacturing of Large SiC Space Optics traceable to meter-class segments for a far-infrared surveyor (the Origins Space Telescope, OST). The technology also is intended to fill priority technology gaps for the LUVOIR Surveyor, and Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx).

Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

A 30-cm Z-process silicon carbide off-axis parabola for lasercom telescope

Bill Goodman

Proceedings Volume 11834, 1183408 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595170

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Mirrors, Optics manufacturing, Telescopes, Silicon, Polymers, Additive manufacturing, Space telescopes, Imaging systems, Printing

Read Abstract +

During a NASA Phase II SBIR project the Goodman Technologies (GT) team developed and competed two advanced processes for producing large silicon carbide (SiC) mirror substrates and structures, both processes which could ultimately be performed in the microgravity environment of space. The process of scale-up from Phase I mirror substrates was anything but easy; over 250 unsuccessful trials were performed before achieving a printable substrate. A new Z-process allowed for conversion of moldable (but not printable) nanopastes into Pathfinder mirror components. The team also overcame delays associated with shutdowns due to COVID-19. The work did ultimately result in the demonstration of the world’s large 3D/AM SiC mirror substrates (25-cm scale). The first process, the Robocasting or Direct Ink Writing (DIW) printing process, was employed to 3D print engineered nanopastes consisting of SiC particulates with sizes ranging from the nanometer to micron scales mixed and suspended homogeneously in a preceramic polymer and liquid solvent solution. A large computer numerically controlled (CNC) platform with a 1.2-meter by 1.2-meter build bed was modified to become a large prototype “robocaster”. Modifications included incorporation of a large build plate (an optical bench top), a fluid supply system and syringes, a 750 W infrared (IR) heater, and programming. More than 200 experiments were conducted on the prototype robocaster, unsuccessfully, over a span of 16-months. Every print job would crack, and/or warp, and/or delaminate either during printing, or during low temperature curing, or during low-temperature polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP), or during high-temperature (PIP). Through massive effort, we finally overcame the engineering issues. Using a production robocaster, the ability to 3D print, join and then cure individual off-axis parabolic (OAP) mirror substrate segments (4 of them) to make a 25-cm monolithic Pathfinder mirror substrate for subsequent densification and pyrolysis was ultimately demonstrated. Two 25- cm monolithic substrates were printed and cured successfully. All of the robocast parts ultimately warped or bowed and/or cracked during low-temperature pyrolysis or high-temperature PIP steps. Through internally funded efforts performed by GT it was confirmed that as cured robocast material can be silicon melt infiltrated to form a very low silicon content of reaction bonded silicon carbide. GT also found that robocast material densified via polymer infiltration pyrolysis results in a polishable material. The second process GT developed and employed with UHM is the Z-process. The Z-process starts with a moldable (but not printable) nanopaste consisting of SiC particulates with sizes ranging from the nanometer to micron scales mixed and suspended homogeneously in a preceramic polymer and liquid solvent solution. The moldable nanopaste is compacted in a custom designed metallic and graphitic tooling set which also contains a precision mandrel. Compaction serves to squeeze out “extra” liquid phase material from the nanopaste while conforming the nanopaste to the shape of the mandrel prior to curing. Once cured the part is almost theoretical density and requires only a few steps of PIP to fully densify the part. PIP is accomplished at temperatures much lower than silicon melt infiltration (<1600 °C), chemical vapor deposition (<1450 °C), or conventional sintering (<2200 °C), providing enormous energy savings. The Z-process tooling can be used multiple times providing economy of numbers. The Z-process was successfully used to join 4-OAP segments and a backside lattice supporting structure. This paper shall discuss the results of progress made towards the manufacturing of Large SiC Space Optics traceable to meter-class segments for a far-infrared surveyor (the Origins Space Telescope, OST). The technology also is intended to fill priority technology gaps for the LUVOIR Surveyor, and Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx).

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Presentation + Paper

The results of Goodman Technologies NASA Phase II SBIRs for additive manufacturing of mirrors and telescopes

Bill Goodman

Proceedings Volume 11487, 1148705 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2566687

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Silicon carbide, Additive manufacturing, Optics manufacturing, Space operations, Manufacturing, Silicon, Composites

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2019 Presentation + Paper

Near-zero CTE 3D-printed RoboSiC deployable truss core structures with active precision adjustment

William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 11101, 111010H (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530245

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Telescopes, Composites, Titanium, Mirrors, Additive manufacturing, James Webb Space Telescope, Control systems, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2019 Presentation + Paper

Ultra-lightweight ultra-stable RoboSiC additively manufactured lasercom telescope

William Goodman, Mehrdad Ghasemi Nejhad, Brenden Minei, John Stuecker, Tristin Anderson

Proceedings Volume 11101, 111010F (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530244

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Silicon carbide, Additive manufacturing, Silicon, Off axis mirrors, Space mirrors, Laser communications, Wavefronts, Printing

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

A review on the advances in 3D printing and additive manufacturing of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for optical applications

William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 10372, 103720B (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2269394

KEYWORDS: Ceramics, Additive manufacturing, Composites, 3D printing, Optics manufacturing, Silicon carbide, Astronomical imaging, Carbon, Printing, Laser sintering

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Proceedings Article | 2 September 2015 Paper

T300HoneySiC: a new near-zero CTE molded C/SiC material

William Goodman, Mehrdad Ghasemi Nejhad, Stan Wright, Darren Welson

Proceedings Volume 9574, 95740E (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185638

KEYWORDS: Additive manufacturing, Mirrors, Optical benches, Polymers, Ceramics, Silicon carbide, Space telescopes, Composites, Telescopes, Beryllium

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2013 Paper

HoneySiC: a new optomechanical material for low-areal cost and density

William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 8837, 88370F (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2022355

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Composites, Polymers, Carbon, Mirrors, Silicon, Manufacturing, Skin, Ceramics, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2009 Paper

Recent achievements using chemical vapor composite silicon carbide (CVC SiC)

William Goodman, Clifford Tanaka

Proceedings Volume 7425, 74250B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.824202

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Polishing, X-rays, Wavefronts, Surface finishing, Metrology, Fringe analysis, Chemical vapor deposition, Composites, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2007 Paper

SLMS athermal technology for high-quality wavefront control

William Goodman, Marc Jacoby

Proceedings Volume 6666, 66660Q (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.739672

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Spatial light modulators, Silicon, Optical coatings, Distortion, Cryogenics, Wavefronts, Zerodur, Foam, Lightweight mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2007 Paper

Athermal glass by design

William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 6666, 666604 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734817

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Absorption, Thermal optics, Refractive index, Silica, Manufacturing, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical fibers, Lenses, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

Material properties of silicon and silicon carbide foams

Marc Jacoby, William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 5868, 58680J (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.617615

KEYWORDS: Silicon carbide, Foam, Silicon, Spatial light modulators, Metals, Temperature metrology, Ceramics, Solids, Cryogenics, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

Measurement of vibrational damping at cryogenic temperatures for silicon carbide foam and silicon foam materials

Chia-Yen Peng, Marie Levine, Lillian Shido, Marc Jacoby, William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 5868, 58680I (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619766

KEYWORDS: Foam, Silicon carbide, Cryogenics, Silicon, Aluminum, Temperature metrology, Planets, Mirrors, Beryllium, Spatial light modulators

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2005 Paper

Actively cooled SLMS technology for HEL applications

Marc Jacoby, William Goodman, Jack Reily, Jeffrey Kegley, Harlan Haight, John Tucker, Ernest Wright, William Hogue

Proceedings Volume 5792, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.603632

KEYWORDS: Spatial light modulators, Mirrors, Silicon, Diodes, Foam, Liquids, Nitrogen, Silicon carbide, Cryogenics, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2004 Paper

Lightweight athermal SLMS innovative telescope

William Goodman, Marc Jacoby

Proceedings Volume 5528, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.557449

KEYWORDS: Spatial light modulators, Silicon, Mirrors, Silicon carbide, Cryogenics, Foam, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Manufacturing, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 22 December 2003 Paper

Helium cryo testing of an SLMS (silicon lightweight mirrors) athermal optical assembly

Marc Jacoby, William Goodman, H. Philip Stahl, Andrew Keys, Jack Reily, Ron Eng, James Hadaway, William Hogue, Jeffrey Kegley, Richard Siler, Harlan Haight, John Tucker, Ernest Wright, James Carpenter, Jeff McCracken

Proceedings Volume 5180, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508378

KEYWORDS: Spatial light modulators, Silicon, Cryogenics, Mirrors, Foam, Lightweight mirrors, Manufacturing, Helium, Optical fabrication, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 25 November 2002 Paper

Lightweight athermal optical system using silicon lightweight mirrors (SLMS) and carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (Cesic) mounts

William Goodman, Marc Jacoby, Matthias Kroedel, David Content

Proceedings Volume 4822, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.452339

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Spatial light modulators, Cryogenics, Mirrors, Silicon carbide, Foam, Lightweight mirrors, Carbon, Surface finishing, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 27 December 2001 Paper

Thermo-mechanical performance of precision C/SiC mounts

William Goodman, Claus Mueller, Marc Jacoby, Jim Wells

Proceedings Volume 4451, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453644

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Silicon, Aluminum, Silicon carbide, Ceramics, Mirror mounts, Spatial light modulators, Optics manufacturing, Optical mounts, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 27 December 2001 Paper

Results for silicon lightweight mirrors (SLMS)

Marc Jacoby, William Goodman, David Content

Proceedings Volume 4451, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453655

KEYWORDS: Spatial light modulators, Silicon, Cryogenics, Foam, Camera shutters, Lightweight mirrors, Wavefronts, Silicon carbide, Optics manufacturing, Optical mounts

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Proceedings Article | 6 March 2001 Paper

Dimensionally stable ultralightweight silicon optics for both cryogenic and high-energy laser applications

William Goodman, Marc Jacoby

Proceedings Volume 4198, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.417349

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Foam, Mirrors, Cryogenics, Silicon carbide, Optics manufacturing, Semiconductor lasers, Relays, Composites, Plasma

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Proceedings Article | 6 March 2001 Paper

C/SiC high-precision lightweight components for optomechanical applications

Claus Mueller, Ulrich Papenburg, William Goodman, Marc Jacoby

Proceedings Volume 4198, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.417348

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Silicon carbide, Mirrors, Silicon, Cladding, Optics manufacturing, Polishing, Surface finishing, Ceramics, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 28 September 1999 Paper

Design, fabrication, and testing of lightweight silicon mirrors

Marc Jacoby, Edward Montgomery, Arthur Fortini, William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 3786, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363826

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Foam, Mirrors, Cryogenics, Silicon carbide, Composites, Optics manufacturing, Lightweight mirrors, Polishing, Beryllium

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 1997 Paper

Thermophysical properties of optical silicon

William Goodman

Proceedings Volume 10289, 1028905 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279815

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Silicon, FT-IR spectroscopy, Absorption, Temperature metrology, Databases, Semiconductor lasers, Oxygen, Infrared spectroscopy, Infrared radiation

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