The diagnostic demand of hot-spot intensity distribution in laser inertial confinement fusion experiment has motivated quantitative measurement experiment to give the response efficiency of grazing incidence system to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. In our study, a full-aperture intensity response measurement method is proposed, which is based on pinhole-scanning field of view (FOV) to obtain the response efficiency of grazing incidence system. The method is highly repeatable and enables response efficiency measurements over the full FOV with acceptable accuracy. A silicon positive-intrinsic-negative detector with an energy response range of 1.5 to 30 keV is used to directly detect the input and output spectrum. The response efficiency of a single-channel aspheric Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) microscope coated with W/Si is obtained under the FOV of ±150 μm. The response efficiency of center FOV of the KB system is measured to be 2.52E-7 sr. The value is promising, as it shows a 6.6% maximum deviation from the theoretical value at center FOV, with a global uncertainty of 7.4%.
Design research of X-ray backscatter imaging system for vehicle security was carried out, aiming at the demand of accurate and rapid detection of contrabands. The influence of the chopper mechanism on the imaging resolution and the solid angle of the flying point beam was simulated, while the parameters and structure of the chopper mechanism were designed. The imaging resolution of the backscattering system is about 8 mm and the solid angle of the flying point beam is about 6.4×10- 5 sr. Based on the X-ray energy deposition and luminescence efficiency, the effect of detector thickness and lead doped on the detection efficiency with different energy was investigated. A calculation model of luminous flux for backscatter detection was established and the influence of detector parameters on scattered X-ray luminous flux was analyzed, also the length of the detector was determined. The results show that it is more reasonable to use the lead-free plastic scintillator with thickness of 50 mm and length of 2.5 m as the backscattering detector for the X-ray backscattering system used for scanning of vehicle bottom, which can meet the demand of security inspection of vehicle bottom.
High-resolution imaging diagnosis of X-ray plasma distribution during implosion deceleration phase is urgently needed in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The current curved crystal imaging and the conventional Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope have a spatial resolution of 5 μm, so it is insufficient to obtain the evolution details of implosion target shell and hot spot. In this paper, an aspherical Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope is proposed, to achieve a higher spatial resolution. Simultaneously, an optical design method for aspherical structures is introduced. The imaging system has high reflectivity and good monochromatic performance using periodic multilayer technology. The characterization results show that this imaging system can reach a high spatial resolution of 2 μm in the central field of view.
Materials can produce scattering effects on incident photons and ultrasound waves, by collecting scattered signal, the objects can be imaged. Backscattering imaging is a unique technique whereby the photons or ultrasound from an object in the generally backward direction are detected. Backscatter technology has been widely used in astronomy1, 2, medicine3, 4, security inspection5-9 and other fields. Especially in the field of security, X-ray transmission is also the main means of inspecting dangerous goods, such as gun, knife, explosive, drug and so on. This technique is effective for detecting metal objects but difficult for organics such as drug and plastic explosive, because the attenuation coefficient of most organic matter to X-ray radiation is very low, the material appears to be transparent. The main elements of drug and plastic explosive are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which can produce strong scattering for incident X-ray. And, by collecting backscattered X-ray, bright images of organics such as drug and plastic explosive can be obtained. Relative to X-ray transmission, the backscattering imaging has three advantages: First, the backscatter images highlight organic materials, which appear significantly brighter than most metallic or inorganic materials. As a result, organic threats or contraband materials such as explosives and drugs can be more easily detected in the backscatter images than in the corresponding transmission images. Second, by changing the energy of X-ray, backscattering imaging can be utilized for detecting dangerous matters hidden inside or on the surface of objects, such as container and human body. Third, X-ray detectors can be placed on the same side of the objects being inspected as the X-ray source, which allow inspection of moving car or container vehicles by mounting the detectors and X-ray source on a mobile platform that drives past the objects of interest10. In addition, the equipment based on this technology can be miniaturized, which enable to extend the devise into a narrow space (car, container, etc.) and scan internally. So, X-ray backscattering imaging has become a significant method for detecting dangerous organics in the field of security inspection. At present, several inspection technologies based on X-ray backscattering imaging have been developed, for example, “Flying Spot” scanner
5
, coded aperture imaging9 and lobster-eye imaging6-8, etc.
Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is proposed to be a promising technique for identifying dangerous materials. This paper focuses on the development of the EDXRD system. A high-energy-resolution system using a room temperature detector was established. The diffraction angle of the system was adjustable depending on the detected samples and some experiments were carried out to study the suitable diffraction angle for different samples. At a nominal diffraction angle of 5°, the energy resolution of the system was approximately 6-9%. The system could effectively inspect the concealed samples and obtain the distinguishable profiles through the packaging. These experimental results demonstrated that the EDXRD system could satisfy the requirement of security inspection.
Dangerous materials inspection is an important technique to confirm dangerous materials crimes. It has significant impact on the prohibition of dangerous materials-related crimes and the spread of dangerous materials. Lobster-Eye Optical Imaging System is a kind of dangerous materials detection device which mainly takes advantage of backscatter X-ray. The strength of the system is its applicability to access only one side of an object, and to detect dangerous materials without disturbing the surroundings of the target material.
The device uses Compton scattered x-rays to create computerized outlines of suspected objects during security detection process. Due to the grid structure of the bionic object glass, which imitate the eye of a lobster, grids contribute to the main image noise during the imaging process. At the same time, when used to inspect structured or dense materials, the image is plagued by superposition artifacts and limited by attenuation and noise. With the goal of achieving high quality images which could be used for dangerous materials detection and further analysis, we developed effective image process methods applied to the system. The first aspect of the image process is the denoising and enhancing edge contrast process, during the process, we apply deconvolution algorithm to remove the grids and other noises. After image processing, we achieve high signal-to-noise ratio image. The second part is to reconstruct image from low dose X-ray exposure condition. We developed a kind of interpolation method to achieve the goal. The last aspect is the region of interest (ROI) extraction process, which could be used to help identifying dangerous materials mixed with complex backgrounds. The methods demonstrated in the paper have the potential to improve the sensitivity and quality of x-ray backscatter system imaging.
In order to counter drug-related crimes effectively, and to safeguard homeland security as well as public safety, it is important to inspect drugs, explosives and other contraband quickly and accurately from the express mail system, luggage, vehicles and other objects.
In this paper, we discuss X-ray backscatter inspection system based on a novel lobster-eye X-ray objective, which is an effective inspection technology for drugs, explosives and other contraband inspection. Low atomic number materials, such as drugs and explosives, leads to strong Compton scattering after irradiated by X-ray, which is much stronger than high atomic number material, such as common metals, etc. By detecting the intensity of scattering signals, it is possible to distinguish between organics and inorganics. The lobster-eye X-ray optical system imitates the reflective eyes of lobsters, which field of view can be made as large as desired and it is practical to achieve spatial resolution of several millimeters for finite distance detection. A novel lobster-eye X-ray objective is designed based on modifying Schmidt geometry by using multi-lens structure, so as to reduce the difference of resolution between the horizontal and vertical directions. The demonstration experiments of X-ray backscattering imaging were carried out. A suitcase, a wooden box and a tire with several typical samples hidden in them were imaged by the X-ray backscattering inspection system based on a lobster-eye X-ray objective. The results show that this X-ray backscattering inspection system can get a resolution of less than five millimeters under the FOV of more than two hundred millimeters with ~0.5 meter object distance, which can still be improved.
X-ray imaging of the laser produced plasma plays an important role in plasma diagnostics. Based on the urgent needs of
conducting deeper and finer physical experiments, we developed a high-energy Kirkpatrick Baez microscope working at
17.48keV with a spectral resolution (E/▵E) of ~30. The concave spherical substrates was polished, ultrasonically cleaned
and coated. The substrates have a radius of curvature of 20m with a roughness better than 0.3nm. The grazing incidence
angles are designed at 0.7° and 0.73° for separate reflecting mirrors. The x-ray backlit imaging experiments show its
spatial resolution is ~5.5μm at best focus. The effective field of view is measured to be ~90μm, which is consistent with
the multilayer design. This article provides detailed informations for the optical design, multilayers coating and
characterization of the microscope. The microscope promises to be a high-energy, high-resolution, and energy resolved
X-ray diagnostics instrument for SG series laser facility.
X-ray Timing and Polarization (XTP) satellite, by using focusing optics and advanced detector technology, is dedicated to the study of Black Hole, Neutron Star, Quark Star and the physics under extreme gravity, density and magnetism. With a detection area of ~1 square meter and a combination of various types of X-ray telescopes, XTP is expected to make the most sensitive temporal and polarization observations with good energy resolution in 1-30 keV. We present a recent overview on segmented glass optics for XTP Telescope. This work is looking for improvement of the figure of the free-standing glass substrates, enhancement of quality of grazing incident depth-graded multilayers and a mounting technology for the substrates. We discuss metrology on glass figure, X-ray reflectivity and scatter of grazing incident depth-graded multilayers, and mounted structured optics. We also present plans for several prototype optics to be constructed in the upcoming year. Begin the abstract two lines below author names and addresses. The abstract summarizes key findings in the paper.
A large-field high-resolution x-ray microscope was developed for multi-keV time-resolved x-ray imaging diagnostics of laser plasma at the Shenguang-III prototype facility. The microscope consists of Kirkpatrick–Baez amélioré (KBA) bimirrors and a KB single mirror corresponding to the imaging and temporal directions of a streak camera, respectively. KBA bimirrors coated with an Ir single layer were used to obtain high spatial resolutions within the millimeter-range field of view, and a KB mirror coated with Cr/C multilayers was used to obtain a specific spectral resolution around 4.3 keV. This study describes details of the microscope with regard to its optical design, mirror coatings, and assembly method. The experimental imaging results of the grid with 3 to 5 μm spatial resolution are also shown.
The degradation of image quality of the nested conical Wolter-I X-ray telescope mainly results from mirror-position tolerance, alignment-bar tolerance and surface-figure tolerance. The analytical approach of the three kinds of tolerance was presented in this paper. Based on the predetermined initial structure, we analyzed and compared image qualities with different tolerances. Furthermore, we simulated the distribution of the spot diagrams and calculated the spatial resolution of the entire system. Shift along the optical axis (Z axis) and rotation around it have no effects on the image quality for position tolerances. However, shift along X, Y directions and rotation around X, Y axes change the distribution of spot diagrams and decrease the spatial resolution. For higher resolution, we should control the alignment-bar tolerance by placing a displacement sensor at the end of the alignment bar. The angular resolution increases from 1' to 13'' as the alignment-bar tolerance decreased from ±15um to ±3um. With respect to surface-figure tolerance, we simulated image qualities by inserting Zernike polynomial to the surface.
Lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal is a very promising candidate as nanometer resolution EUV and soft X-ray detector.
Compared with other EUV and soft X-ray detectors, charge coupled device and photographic films, LiF crystal has high
resolution, large field of view and wide dynamic range. In this paper, using LiF crystal as EUV detector and a
Schwarzschild objective (SO) working at 13.5nm as projection optics, mesh images with 4.2 μm, 1.2 μm and 800 nm line
width and pinhole patterns with ~1.5μm diameter are acquired in projection imaging mode and direct writing mode,
respectively. Fluorescence intensity profiles of images show that the resolution of mesh image is 900 nm, and the one of
pinhole image is 800 nm. In the experiments, a spherical condense mirror based on normal incidence type is used to
eliminate the damage and contamination on the masks (mesh and pinhole) caused by the laser plasma, and the energy
density is not decreased compared with that the masks are close to the plasma. The development of the SO, the alignment
of the objective and the imaging experiments are also reported.
Periodic multilayer KB microscopes have widely implemented in x-ray diagnostic experiments of ICF, especially at relatively high x-ray energies (8keV or higher). But the obvious disadvantage, due to narrow bandwidth of periodic multilayer, is the ununiformity of x-ray image brightness and the limited field of view. The literature describes the characterization of a high-energy KB microscope with aperiodic multilayer configured to achieve larger effective field of
view than existing periodic multilayer KB microscopes. The microscope, working on 8keV with grazing angles of 1.1330° and 1.1837°, is capable of 5μm resolution over ±200μm object field. Design of the multilayer and experimental results with a Cu x-ray tube will be shown.
A Schwarzschild microscope at 18.2 nm for ultra-fast laser plasma diagnostics has been developed.
Based on the third-order aberration the microscope is designed for numerical aperture of 0.1 and
magnification of 10. Spatial resolution of the objective can achieve 1250 lp/mm within the field of ±1
mm. Mo/Si multilayer films with peak throughout at 18.2 nm is designed and deposited by magnetron
sputtering, and the measured reflectivity of optical elements is 45%. The 600 lp/inch copper grid
backlit by laser produced plasma is imaging via Schwarzschild microscope on CCD. The spatial
resolution is measured as 3 μm approximately in the field of 1.2 mm.
To study the action of shock wave in CH target, one-dimensional grazing incidence
KBA microscope for 4.75keV energy was set up. Because of strong absorption in air, 4.75keV
energy microscope can just work in vacuum. Accordingly, the alignment and assemblage will be
very complicated and difficult. A special multilayer method, using double periodic multilayer, was
proposed to solve this problem. This multilayer has high reflectivity not only for 4.75keV x-rays
but also for 8keV x-rays at the same grazing incidence angle. It means 1D-KBA microscope has
the same light trace for different working energies. Therefore, we can implement the alignment
and assembly of 4.75keV system by the help of 8keV x-rays. Because 8keV x-rays is very easy
produced by x-ray tube and has strong transmittability in air, the alignment and assemblage
process became relatively easy. By now, we have finished the alignment experiment at 8keV and
obtained imaging results. The performance is about 2-3μm resolution in 250μm field of view. It is
coincide with the calculation.
A double-periodic multilayer method was proposed to test KBA system of 4.75keV
using 8keV source. Alignment of angle is the key for most of grazing incidence systems in x-ray
range. But for soft x-ray, strong absorption makes the alignment have to be operated in vacuum,
which is difficult enough. A double-periodic multilayer was used to experiment at 8keV in air
replacing 4.75keV in vacuum. This multilayer includes two parts, the top and the bottom. The top
is W/B4C multilayer with four bilayers and 6.93nm periods. The bottom is W/B4C multilayer with
10 bilayers and 3.95nm periods. For 8keV energy, x-ray will penetrate through the top and
reflected by the bottom. While for 4.75keV, x-ray will be reflected by the top directly. The full
width of half maximum is 0.1° at 8keV and 0.3° at 4.75keV, so it is accurate enough for 4.75keV
to experiment at 8keV, which was also verified by the 1-D KBA experiment. This double-periodic
multilayer provides a valid solution for alignment in soft x-ray range.
An auxiliary visible imaging method was introduced to solve the axial and pointing
alignment of x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez optics. Through ZEMAX simulation and x-ray imaging
experiments, the axial and pointing alignment accuracy were determined to be ±300μm and
±20μm respectively. The numerical aperture of x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez optics is rather small, so
it's impossible to adjust Kirkpatrick-Baez system by visible imaging directly. An auxiliary visible
lens was designed, which was equivalent to x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez optics on conjugate
relationship and accuracy control. The comparative experiments of visible imaging and x-ray
imaging indicate that this auxiliary system could meet the alignment accuracy of Kirkpatrick-Baez
optics.
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