Ranging from 83°41' to 95° 11' east longitude and from 30° 27' to 35°39' northern latitude, Northern Tibet in the highest of Tibet is known as the ridge of world with the mean elevation of 4500 meter. Northern Tibet is the headstream of Yangtze River, Nu River and Lancang River. The environmental condition of this area has significant effect on the mainly rivers, climate and eco-environment of Tibet and the whole country, so much as the global for the rigorous natural condition and fragile ecosystem. Based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data (from 1981 to 2004), this paper has revealed the dynamics of grassland vegetation coverage of Northern Tibet by the method which the remote sensing technique integrated with ground measurement. The preliminary results are as follows: The grassland vegetation coverage of Northern Tibet is very low that the average value is only 29.7% for many years. In terms of spatial distribution of grassland vegetation coverage, the eastern region of Northern Tibet has a relatively higher coverage of grassland vegetation; the western has the lowest vegetation coverage. During the period of 1981-2004, the average grassland vegetation coverage had a slight decreasing trend, but fluctuation is relative greatly; the grassland vegetation coverage in the western region had a marked rising trend while the coverage in the middle, eastern and northern regions had a decreasing tendency.
In this paper, the laws and forest programs related to the enhancement of carbon sequestration were briefly introduced. The implementation and status of Regulations and decrees, such as National Compulsory Tree Planting Campaign, and forest programs, such as Natural Forest Protection Program, The Key Shelterbelt Development Program, Program to Return Farmland to Forests were summarized. The estimation of carbon sequestration by forest, forest and land-use change and some of the forest programs were reviewed. Only a few estimates for carbon sequestration by forest programs were carried out in China.
Ecological security of Chanchuan watershed in the soft rock area of Middle Yellow River was synthetically evaluated and multi-objective programming of land use was forwarded by using RS and GIS techniques along with systems analysis methods. Moreover, according to the landscape ecology theory, digitalized optimum spatial patterns and rational proportion of land use were obtained through computer-aided adjustment with GIS software to get visible images of land use pattern that guarantees ecological security at Changchuan watershed. The results of comprehensive evaluation on ecological security of land use at Changchuan watershed indicate that measures of soil erosion control, ecological and environmental construction has certainly improved the situation of ecological security of this region during past decades, but the current situation of ecological security was not satisfactory. The results of multi-objective programming of land use pattern based on the ecological security evaluation indicate the optimum land use structure should be 3.7% of woodland, 38.6% of brushwood, 49.4% of grassland and 6.3% of crop land. Their spatial distributions were also patterned in light of requirement of ecological security. The average ESI in this region is leveled at relative secure, figuring at around 0.85.
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