The rapidly growing field of space-to-ground laser communication offers high throughput and secure data transfer without frequency allocation. Cailabs' TILBA-ATMO, leveraging Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) technology, provides turbulence mitigation for atmospheric communication. The 8-mode version showed promise at 100 Gbps, but for Optical Ground Stations (OGS) with large telescopes, a 45-mode system is required. Our latest research demonstrates the 45-mode TILBA-ATMO effectively achieves 10 Gbps data rates, meeting OGS requirements for Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite signals at high Greenwood frequency and large D/r0.
Spatial division multiplexing is a means of transmitting information on independent spatial modes and is being investigated as a means of increasing capacity in optical communications in both optical fibres and free space. Multiplane light converters (MPLC) are a means of deconstructing a wavefront into constituent modes that focus at specific spatial locations, and the reverse - that specific inputs result in controlled modal output. We have used a pair of MPLCs with 21 Hermite Gaussian modes to represent a free space optical connection with multiple single-input multiple-output (SIMO) operation. The effects of atmospheric turbulence have been implemented using a micromirror array and represent atmospheres that vary from weak (Cn2=10-16 m-2/3) to strong (Cn2=10-13 m-2/3) turbulence. This allows the resulting crosstalk between modes in the receiver to be characterised and modal transmission choice selected to minimise the crosstalk effects. Spatial division multiplexing is shown to improve the resilience against the degrading effects of turbulence, increases detection efficiency and offers an alternative method of compensating for turbulence effects using post detection digital signal processing rather than physical wavefront manipulation using adaptive optics.
Satellite constellations, whether for high-speed Internet access or for Earth observation using high-resolution imagery, are leading to a sharp increase in the volume of data to be brought back to Earth. To meet the needs of these very high-speed communication links, from 10 Gbps to 1 Tbps, optical technologies are becoming essential. Radio frequency technologies currently in use can no longer cope with such data rates without threatening the allocation of frequencies on Earth (5G-6G) or in space. However, to work at high debit rates, broadband optical communication systems require small detectors, high performance amplifiers or coherent modulation schemes needing high efficiency coupling into SMFs, which is subject to atmospheric turbulence. Using Cailabs' core technology, Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC), followed by a photonic integrated chip optical recombiner, we have developed and qualified a unique component for turbulence compensation. This architecture provides high-speed turbulence mitigation at several kHz with the advantage of a single SMF output. In this paper, we investigate the fading improvement provided by this system over direct single mode fiber coupling under various environmental conditions and technical implementations. This system is tested on a km-long test link at Cailabs at up to 10 Gbps under appropriate environmental conditions and at higher debit rates on a turbulence emulation bench. Several configurations are evaluated, including several levels of turbulence. Meanwhile, Cailabs is building its first optical ground station for the LEO-ground optical link. We will present the first experimental results obtained and the roadmap for satellite-ground communication.
Space-to-ground laser communication is booming thanks to high throughput, stealth communication without frequency allocation. However, lasercom becomes really competitive beyond 10 Gbps. At this rate, fiber components, requiring SMF coupling, and thus turbulence mitigation become necessary.
Based on Cailabs' core technology, Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) followed by photonic integrated chip, Cailabs develops a turbulence mitigation product entirely dedicated to lasercom. Previous work showed proof of concept for the 8-mode version. In this article we investigate last results obtained with the system including 100 Gbps communication and present the new 45-modes turbulence mitigation version.
Complex touch panel displays development is requiring high performance glass cutting techniques. Femtosecond lasers, combined to Bessel beam generation based on reflective axicons already showed quality and efficiency improvements, while being able to handle high peak and average power.
We described here recent developments for high quality Bessel beam generation using a fully reflective system. This complex Bessel beam presents an intensity plateau along its propagation axis, being twice more homogeneous and having a five times sharper tail compared to a classical Bessel beam. This development paves the way to complex and selective multi-layer glass cutting.
We demonstrate turbulence mitigation in a free-space optical link without adaptive optics. A module consisting of an 8-mode Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) device connected to a photonic integrated chip (PIC) collects a perturbed beam and converts it into a fundamental mode propagating in a standard single-mode fiber (SMF). Module is tested on a 200-meter optical link at 1550 nm under different D/r0 conditions. Results are compared to simulations and laboratory experiments using calibrated turbulent phase plates. We show increased coupling efficiency and lower fading compared to SMF coupling, demonstrating that MPLC and PIC are a viable turbulence mitigation option.
We demonstrate coherent on-chip combining for atmospheric turbulence mitigation using Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC). A Niobate Lithium (LiNbO3) photonic integrated chip (PIC) was manufactured to optically combine via balancing and rephasing of 8 disturbed signals collected and demultiplexed by an MPLC. Cascaded on-chip Mach-Zehnders interferometers containing controllable phase shifters allow combining of optical inputs two at a time. Optical leaks are used as feedback loops. After 3 stages, all signals are coherently combined into a main output. We present efficiency, bandwidth, and compatibility with telecom operation of the PIC recombination.
An experimental demonstration of laser beam coherent combining with active phase control has been performed using for the first time a Multi-Plane Light Converter device (MPLC). The MPLC as a beam combiner is designed as a spatial multiplexer which output modes form a Gaussian beam when superimposed constructively, reaching theoretically 100% efficiency. Moreover, reflective free-space design allows for handling high power. The experiment combines seven 1.5 μm continuous wave fiber lasers operated at a low power level in the tens of milliwatt range using the frequencytagging LOCSET technique (Locking of Optical Coherence by Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging) for the phase locking. 72-% power efficiency MPLC CBC is achieved with an output combined beam close to a Gaussian beam profile. M² is lower than 1.8 depending on the transverse direction, revealing an excellent quality for the combined beam. The output beam is more than 94 % linearly polarized. Simulation of the impact of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of the seven laser beams up to 1 km is performed. We demonstrate that it is possible to compensate for most of the atmospheric propagation detrimental effects and to perform efficient MPLC CBC through strong turbulence.
Laser communications are expected to enable wide deployment of high capacity telecommunication networks. To ensure that components used in such architectures are competitive both in terms of costs and performances, coupling into a single-mode fiber at the reception side is mandatory as most off the shelf components (COTS) have already been developed for optical fiber networks.
However, in free-space optical communication through the atmosphere, turbulences modify the wavefront profile which degrades coupling towards a single-mode fiber. Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) is proving to be a new effective technique to mitigate turbulence effect. The degraded beam is decomposed on a mode basis, typically Hermite-Gaussian modes, each mode being passively demultiplexed towards a single-mode fiber. The incoming turbulent spatial mode undergoes phase and intensity fluctuations, but, as the MPLC is a passive component, this only leads to phase and intensity fluctuations of the signal inside the corresponding single-mode fiber. The complexity of the architecture is transferred from correcting actively the wavefront to signal processing inside single-mode fibers.
Here, we investigate the performance improvement of the MPLC technique and mode collection compared to direct single-mode fiber coupling. We evaluate theoretical and experimental collection efficiency for SMF only and the summation of the 15 first Hermite-Gaussian modes for D/r0 from 1 to 14. Results show that 15 modes MPLC appear to be a good compromise between the number of modes and the complexity of the device. This configuration typically improves the collection efficiency by >7 dB in the case of strong turbulence when D/r0 >4. Moreover, the minimum collection efficiency that would correspond to a link failure is dramatically improved compared to SMF fiber alone. Finally, power distribution over the modes seems to be similar which will facilitate the implementation of this technique.
KEYWORDS: Laser countermeasures, Laser energy, Directed energy weapons, Fiber lasers, Missiles, Solid state lasers, Solid state physics, Free space optics, Chemical elements, Optical fibers
The development of the solid-state fiber laser has given a boost to the possibility of destroying a target without the need for a projectile or blind the photoreceptive element of a heat-seeker missile with laser emission. The growing presence of drones on the battlefield since 2010 and the on-board intelligence on guided missiles have given new credibility to these research programs. Solid state fiber laser, which uses optical fiber as an amplifying medium, has many advantages including efficiency, thermal and opto-mechanical stability, the elimination of free space optics using fiber components, and above all good beam quality thanks to its waveguide. In addition, these coherent sources are available at interesting wavelengths in line with military issues. However, now it is difficult to obtain a high-power fiber source (> 1 kW) while maintaining high beam quality and good spectral coherence. Power scaling whilst preserving beam quality can be achieved through coherent beam combining. The principle is to interfere constructively N mutually coherent single-mode laser beams with proper phase alignment into a single good quality beam. Conventional coherent beam combining is typically based on tiled apertures, for which theoretical maximum efficiency is 67% (due to limited lenses fill factor and secondary lobes in the far field), and for which experimental efficiency is currently below 50%. We present here a novel technique for coherent beam combining based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion. The beam combiner is designed as a spatial multiplexer which output modes form a Gaussian beam when superimposed constructively, reaching theoretically 100% efficiency. Moreover, reflective free-space design allows for high power handling up to 500W. We measure an experimental mode purity above 85% with a total efficiency of 70% (including optical losses) combining 6 beams. This system can be altered to provide error signals for easier phase-locking of the inputs.
Global coverage of internet access is essential for digitalization in society, becoming a disruptive technology in industry, education or political participation for example. Satellite communications is a complementary approach to the terrestrial fiber network, which can provide world-wide coverage with few satellites in geostationary orbit or with low-earth-orbit constellations. Optical wavelengths offer multiple THz of available spectrum that can be used to connect satellites to the ground network with high-throughput links, solving the radiofrequency bandwidth bottleneck, without regulations. Cloud covereage and atmospheric turbulence are the main challenge in guaranteeing the same availability as in terrestrial fiber-based systems. While the former can be addressed by site diversity, for the latter, other mitigation strategies are required. Adaptive optics is a common approach to correct for atmospheric phase distortions and ensure stable fiber coupling. However, this approach requires a relatively complex active setup and therefore a collaboration between DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation and Cailabs has been formed to investigate alternative passive solutions for low-complexity ground stations. Coupling into multimode fibers does not require adaptive optics due to the large fiber core, however the coupled signal is distributed into multiple fiber-modes and is therefore incompatible with standard telecommunications components. Cailabs Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) technology overcomes this issue, selectively demultiplexing the fibermodes into single-mode fibers. Here, DLR’s adaptive optics system and the MPLC technology in a turbulence-relevant environment for GEO communications are compared, investigating the advantages of the MPLC approach for compensating strong turbulence. This paper presents an overview of the measurement setup and analyzes the single-mode fibers outputs of the spatial demultiplexer and the measured phase-distortions from a wavefront sensor.
With the development of touch panel display the need to process thinner glass using Ultra-Short Pulse (USP) laser has increased. Beam shaping improves the process yield and quality but requires specific precautions when applied to USP laser due to high peak power and dispersion.
Bessel beams improve the quality of glass drilling and cutting due to the extended depth of field. We present Bessel beam generation using a reflective off-axis axicon giving a more stable beam compatible with scanning system and with a profile closer to theory. The characteristics of the beam and of the processed glass are described.
Free-space optical links are being considered for high throughput feeder links in satellite communication. Optical power up to 500 W is required at the optical ground terminal, which represents a challenge for current technologies.
One way to scale power whilst preserving beam quality is coherent beam combining. Here, we present a novel technique based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion, consisting in a spatial multiplexer whose output modes form a Gaussian beam when superimposed constructively. The beam combiner is fully reflective, enabling kW optical power. We demonstrate a mode purity and a total efficiency higher than the conventional tiled apertures technique.
Multi-kilowatt Laser Beam Welding processes are facing new challenges: reducing the final parts weight and improving reliability to decrease the amount of discarded parts. Appropriate beam shaping enables those improvements by decreasing the process defects and by allowing welding of new types of materials and of thinner parts.
We describe here the design and the process test results of a fully reflective beam shaper laser head compatible with high-power lasers demands integrated on a robot. The high efficiency cooling permitted by a reflective design reduces focus shift. A mm-wide annular shape onto the processed part enables melt pool size control.
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