The scope of this presentation is to give a brief survey on the more than 60 patents Dennis Gabor has obtained over a period of six decades. This means inventions related to light sources, cathode ray tubes, material sciences as well as the creation of thermionic electric generators, emphasizing, however, those that are strongly related to optics, holography and telecommunication. It is interesting to follow, how the idea of holography emerged in Gabor's endeavor to improve electron microscopy, and how these endeavors created side effects, such as the idea of flat display tubes or his invention to the production and projection of photographic pictures with stereoscopic effects. Derived as early as 1940. This idea culminated then in his patent entitled three dimensional picture projection in 1966, which already exploited the possibilities inherent in holography.

Collecting postage stamps is a worldwide business and hobby, which begun not long after national post offices started to issue stamps. The very first definitive stamp with a hologram was issued in Austria in 1988. Since then, about 40 countries have issued holographic stamps and the total amount of different postal items with holograms is about 100. In 1999, there were more holographic stamps issued than in any previous years. A chronological review of stamps issued with embossed holograms is given. A detailed description of each stamp is provided with photographs of all postage stamps and souvenir sheets. The use of holograms on stamps seems to be more of a new and attractive decoration rather than a security measure. Holographic stamps have already become a new philatelic topical field.

Holography has slowly but constantly developed in Austria and public awareness about this medium in its various manifestations is increasing. The taking place of the World Congress for Holography 2000 in the city of St. POlten, Lower Austria, reflects this fact and as well points out that the public has to be confronted with holography directly in order to give people the chance to be fully capable of its meaning and prospects.

Reports on recent developments on holography applications in China are given in this paper, including the development of anti-counterfeiting Holograms from 1986-2000, China issued Banknotes in 1999 with holograms and OVIs, the developments in Machine Readable Holograms in China, the developments in Anti-counterfeiting Information Networks in China.

The world market in holography is about 1 Billion U$. Most of this part is connected to embossed holograms, especially for security, authentication, packaging, giftware and promotion. Display holograms, holographic optical elements and technical holographic applications are economically less important. Germany has only a very small part of this global market. In general, the present status of holography in this country is not very good. Many laboratories and companies closed in the last years and only few are remaining. In contrast to this economic situation, scientific applications ofholography are continuing to give good results. Germany has a National Society for Holography (Deutsche Holographische Gesellschaft, DGH e.V., do N. Möller, Marienstr. 28, D-06108 Halle, http://www.dgholo.de) with about 100 members. The society notifies the people about holographic activities and functions and gives young holographers a first contact. A second holographic society is Arbeitskreis Holographische Technik (AHT). Last summer the president G. Deutschmann passed away. German Holography will miss him dearly. In the following some remarks about the holographic activities in Germany are made. However, the survey is not complete as companies here work very independently. Please, excuse us for having omitted projects or companies which are not known to us.

The scope of this brief review on holography-related activities in Hungary in the year 2000- when the 100th birthday of Dennis Gabor, the Father of Holography, is being celebrated worldwide- is to give some sort of support to those interested in contacting people in this country engaged in the fascinating branch of photonics: the use of holography in a very broad sense.

Dr. T.H. Jeong stated that "the only business in the world that will never go down is the business ofeducating our young!". Although there has been some attrition, holography education in the US still offers a wide range ofavailability, everything from University research to independent Workshops. Many ofthese concerns also have web-sites on the Internet that help to inform students ofall ages and the general public about the history ofholography, recent developments and research. The Internet seems to be both a blessing and a curse. It allows students to access a wealth of information however more and more students are drawn to the high recognition ofthe computer industry at large, availability ofjobs, pay scale and growth potential which is currently overshadowing many other areas of science, technology and art. Perhaps it is obvious to state that those programs that explore the ways the two fields, holography and computers, work together is destined to bear fruit. More and more institutions appear to be moving ciriculum in that direction. The availability ofcheap and good low-power semiconductor diode lasers (laser pointers) has helped to reignite an interest in holography among the younger set particularly among grade school, middle school and high school students and educators.

The Group of Applied Optics at, NTNU, Trondheim has been active in the field of holography for a long time. All together, the Trondheim group has about 30 years of experience in holographic methods, particularly in the field of laser based interferometry techniques. At present the group is working in the field of Speckle interferometry which is a kind of simplified version of holography with the purpose to solve interferometric questions. Furthermore, the group is working with digital holography where Fourier hologram is registered with a digital camera and reconstructed by mathematical means. This topic is just in its early stage. The only existing industrials activity in holographic technology, to my knowledge, is going on at the company Optonor AS, which is located in Trondheim.

Holography related activities in Portugal have been mainly concentrated in the areas of scientific research, teaching and fine arts. These activities take place in different laboratories located at Universities of Porto/ CETO (Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Opticas), Aveiro, Lisboa and Covilhä, research centers and institutes, like INETI (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial). The holographic principles and technologies are taught in graduate and undergraduate courses. Seminars, workshops, talks and exhibitions are organized regularly to the specialists and the general public.

Looking back on the earlier reports on Holography in Sweden, it is striking that not much has changed during the last decade. It is more or less the same people that have been active throughout this period. It is difficult to say if holography is loosing or winning ground in Sweden. In spite of this a lot of new and interesting work has been done.

The major areas of commercial holography continue to be the use of hot stamped holograms for promotion, product authentication, packaging, and security printing. Holography News covers these aspects of holography quite thoroughly, and their reports add up to an enormous success story, not only in the US, but also worldwide. Their reports accord well with my own, rather limited, observations. The companies with which I am familiar are doing quite well.

A ultra-high sensitivity holographic Ultimate emulsion (10nm grains) has been produced, which allows the realization with short exposure times of bright, large sized, with wide view angle and full color holograms of fragile still subjects of monochromatic pulsed reflection holograms of alived subjects. The high transparency of Ultimate emulsions as color transmission holograms makes them highly suitable for mastering, the copies keeping the same performances as the master. Copies on other materials, especially polymer emulsions are possible. Coating machines have been performed for the production of 36 x 44 cm triacetate films and 60 x 84 cm glass plates under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Also, a homemade portable camera with pulsed YLF or ruby lasers allows to realize holograms in situ of alive subjects on H1 transmission holograms up to 60 x80 cm and instant H2 reflection copies up to 30 x 40 cm. Some examples of holograms are displayed.

In the course of experiments on measurement of the effects of processing on nonlinear characteristics of silver halide holograms recorded in Agfa-gevaert 8E75HD emulsions we found that, under certain circumstances, the AAC developer acted as a semi-physical developer instead of the normal chemical developing action. The developed and fixed holograms were of low optical density (<0.5) and of high diffraction efficiency (up to 15%). Phase contrast microscopy revealed that very clean phase gratings were obtained. This effect of the AAC developer was due to the replacement of one of its components, sodium carbonate of purest grade with that of for analysis grade of the same company.

A general review of the current holographic materials available from the Micron Plant at AO Slavich is presented. In particular certain improvements to the technical parameters of the materials PFG-01 and PFG-03M (notably sensitivity) and PFG-03C (diffraction efficiency) are introduced. Likewise the introduction of a new 190 micron TAC film substrate for the PFG-01, PFG-03M, PFG-03C and VRP- M emulsions will be mentioned and examples of holograms produced on these emulsions will be shown. Various reflection hologram color control techniques are briefly discussed. Recommended chemistries that may be employed with each of the Slavich materials will be discussed in the context of Pulsed and CW radiation sources. A new VRP-3 developer recipe suitable for VRP=M will be introduced. Finally, contact copying using the PFG-01 and PFG-03M materials will be briefly mentioned.

The photo induced changes of optical properties and holographic recording in amorphous chalcogenide semiconductor As-S-Se and As₂S₃ thin films have been studied. The possibilities of the practical applications of these materials as the photoresists for the production of the relief holograms and holographic optical elements are discussed. It is shown that the self-enhancement phenomenon of holographic recording in amorphous chalcogenide semiconductor films by light or thermal treatment can be used to increase the diffraction efficiency of the holograms.

Fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching is an interesting process for the production of phase holograms. The shrinkage of the emulsion is reduced in comparison with other bleaching methods (reversal bleaching or rehalogenating bleaching with fixation). In this paper we present experimental results for fixation-free rehalogenating bleached holograms derived from the novel BB- 640, a red-sensitive ultra-fine grain emulsion from Holographic Recording Technologies. The influence of the Potassium bromide concentration in the bleach solution on the final quality of the holograms is also studied. The concentrations of the different components of the bleach solution are adjusted to obtain the highest values of the diffraction efficiency. We studied transmission and reflection fixation-free bleached holograms. We will show that really high diffraction efficiencies can be obtained, as high as 87% for transmission bleached holograms recorded on BB-640 plates, and 72% for reflection bleached holograms.

The results of the research of photopolymer material sensitive to the red area of spectrum (both He-Ne (632 nm) and KR + (647 nm) lasers can be used) for recording of the volume phase reflection holograms are presented. The basic composition and method of the fabrication of holographic photopolymer films (HPPF) on the Mylar substrate are described. The optical properties and holographic characteristics of obtained material were measured by two methods: real-time kinetics of the diffraction efficiency (DE) growth and spectral response of reflection mirror holographic grating.

The performance of the developed family of highly efficient self-processing photopolymer compositions (PPC) for holographic recording in real time and use of these materials as the recording media for some applications is investigated. We consider the mechanism of holographic recording, peculiarities of recording process in self- developing photopolymers, dependence of holographic characteristics on the thermodynamic properties of compositions. ON the basis of obtained data we offer the method of PPC modification that results in increasing of the materials light-sensitivity, the efficiency of recording and the threshold of the gratings optical damage. We also cite the instances of use of PPC for production of different holographic optical elements.

A multicolor holography study case will be presented with emphasis on color control in different silver-halide materials. It has been systematized in order to compare the results obtained with Agfa 8E 75HD to those with Slavich PFG-01. Some experiments were made and the emulsion was manipulated before exposure to achieve high quality multicolored white light reflection holograms. This work has therefore been developed in order to obtain the various colors in a very well controlled way.

At Lund Institute of Technology several hundred holograms are recorded each year as part of the education in wave optics. To be able to expose up to 16 holograms a day on two laboratory sessions, a specially designed system was built to expose four color holograms with a short interval between the exposures. With this system it is also possible to make a series of different exposures to fine-tune the color match. Four exposures that are exactly like each other can also be used to check how different development conditions will modify the resulted hologram.

Some experiments concerning color holography and color holographic interferometry have been conducted at ISL. In a first stage, static holograms have been recorded with c.w. lasers in PFG-03C silver-halide panchromatic holographic plates. Color holographic interferometry is at present experimented and developed. Quantitative measurements by double-exposure holography are not possible. An example, on a cantilever plate, showing the achromatic fringe, is visualized on the reconstructed image. Quantitative deformations of the plate are presented. An experimental set-up designed for the real-time holographic interferometry of phase objects is also presented. A video film, recorded at 25 frames per second and relating laboratory experiments on some fluid mechanics flows, is shown. New difficulties occur when these experiments are carried out by using pulsed lasers. Our first tests on this technique are presented. Three pulsed lasers have been used: a ruby laser, a frequency doubled YAG laser and a frequency doubled titanium-sapphire laser. Ruby and YAG lasers, delivering red and green waves, are commercially available. A special frequency doubled titanium-sapphire laser, built as ISL produces the blue line. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.

A prototype for producing monochromatic holographic stereograms by the two-step method on silver halide film, has been developed. Fundamental questions have been examined as defocusing effects by applying a set of synthesized three-bar test pattern. A visual examination of the pattern in a stereogram was compared to theoretical calculations using OTF. Holographic diffusers, HOE, have been made and evaluated for production of holographic stereograms. A compact temperature stabilized diode pumped 50 mW green laser is incorporated in the set-up.

Holography as a medium for exploration by artists faces several major limitations. Conventional holography is restricted to that which can be brought in to the lab and illuminated with coherent light. Hologrpahic stereograms have made possible the creation of holograms of both real objects in natural or studio lighting and virtual objects created using three-dimensional graphics. There are several approaches for creating holograms from digital graphics. This paper discusses the application of the light valve to the process along with other related developments. Artists can not produce high quality inexpensive, medium-format holograms using this direct-link to digital media. Future developments will lead to even higher resolution Digital Image-Light-Amplifier (D- ILA) systems.

Dennis Gabor invented in-line holography in 1947, but at that time the coherent light from a laser did not yet exist and therefore the holograms he produced were of very low quality. When the laser was born in 1960 beautiful 3-D off- center holograms were for the first time produced by Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks. However, already as early as 1934 the inventor and artist Hans Weil patented a method to produce simple pictures that appeared floating in space, by scratching a transparent or metallic surface in certain directions. In 1995 William J. Beaty published a method for Hand-Drawn Holograms. Then it became possible for any artist to draw his own 3-D pictures of simple objects and using his ingenious techniques these hand drawn images will mimic many of the qualities of ordinary holograms.

Quantum holography is a well established theory of mathematical physics based on harmonic analysis on the Heisenberg Lie group G. The geometric quantization is performed by projectivization of the complexified coadjoint orbit picture of the unitary dual G of G in order to achieve a geometric adjustment to special relativity theory. It admits applications to various imaging modalities such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and most importantly for the field of non-invasive medical diagnosis, to the clinical imaging modality of magnetic resonance tomography (MRI). Quantum holography explains the quantum teleportation phenomenon through Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) channels which is a consequence of the non-locality of quantum physics. It specifically reveals what was before unobservable in special relativity, namely the light in flight (LIF) recording processing by ultra fast laser pulse trains. Finally, it provides a Lie group theoretical approach to the Kruskal coordinatized Schwarzschild manifold of quantum cosmology with large scale applications to general relativity theory such as gravitational instanton symmetries and the theory of black holes. The direct spinorial detection of gravitational wavelets emitted by the binary radio pulsar PSR 1913+16 will also be based on the principles of quantum holography.

The angular selectivity inherent to volume holograms limits the imaged field in holographic optical systems with high efficiency. We describe three systems designed to overcome this problem based on the recording of gratings with different recording planes. A fourth solution, using gratings recorded with different object points sources and plane waves, is also presented.

Novel digital applications developed from analog holographic recognition techniques are presented. Virtual Holographic Recognition (VHR) substitutes physical processes in matched filtering by digital equations and calculates light distribution on the observation plane. If a certain image is defined as a reference, bright light spots corresponding to coincidences between the searched element and the image under study can be numerically calculated with a high degree of accuracy. Since peak values and radial symmetry of values define the degree of coincidence with the reference, this method can be used to find elements similar-up to any degree- to a given reference in a complex image. Current applications include detection and location of malignant masses and nodules in mammograms, computed-tomography (CT) chest scans and conventional digitized radiographs. If the image taken by a digital video camera is continuously processed and the position of the peak corresponding to a reference is tracked on a screen, it allows for guiding of persons in complex environments. Application to guiding of disabled in sport courts is also described.

In this paper we describe an application of Holographic CDMA technique for indoors infrared (Optical) wireless (Free- Space) communication system. A holographic CDMA technique is a multiple access technique by which each pair of users communicate by imprinting their information on a spatial code which is recognizable or known by that pair's receiver only. We will describe the two-dimensional imaging techniques, namely user's code transmission, and highlight the basic parameters and components that need to be optimized. Then we will describe the receiver's processing module, which is comprised of a Fourier transform lens and a holographic matched-filter to decode the desired user's code successfully. Free-space optical Holographic CDMA indoor Communications processing gain can in principle be as high as 1-⁶-10⁸, which results in reduction of other user's interfering effects on the desired receiver's signal. Furthermore, each user can have different modulating signals (Analog or Digital), or different information rate with any signal shape which is highly desirable for the above application.

At present the main application of holography is the development of holographic optical memory with the super high information capacity. Recent advantages in decision of a number of technical problems associated with making holographic optical devices brought to the fore the question of the development of light-sensitive media of different types (photopolymerizable compositions, dichromated gelatin layers, photorefractive and photoanisotropic materials, etc.) It was shown that there are perspectives of the development of polymerizable materials based on photobleaching photochromogenic and photochromic photo- initiators for archive optical memory with the same information capacity is associated with expected advances in making photoanisotropic polymers containing photochromic fragments.

The interferometer combining the best characteristics of the Talbot interferometer and holographic one is considered by this paper. The base of the interferometer is the holographic Talbot effect. As distinct from the ordinary Talbot interferometer holographic one uses instead of a second grating a photographic plate. The object is a combination of the grating and the initial phase object. The hologram is reconstructed simultaneously by the wave passed through a distorted phase object and reference wave. Four waves appear behind the hologram. This scheme may be considered as an interferometer having four output channels with different sensibility. The scheme of the Talbot holographic interferometer was simulated on a computer. The model allowed to research in detail the interferometer operation under different conditions of the hologram recording and with different phase objects.

Conventional method to generate a view angle combining rainbow hologram used a camera to record the sequence of pictures of an object. The object could be a model or a real object. It cost time and money. In recent years, computer-generated holograms have been investigated intensively because of their wide application range and their advantages in term of flexibility, accuracy, light weight and cost. In this paper, a new kind of fractal digital hologram is introduced. The fractal digital holograms are produced with the hyper-complex number model, the fractal hyper-texture model and the self-similar image model based on multi-scale Hurst parameters. The fractal digital holograms have been used in security holograms. In a security hologram, the more complex the model is, the more security the hologram has. The results indicate that fractal digital holograms have a good prospect for application in security holograms.

The method of hologram recording of Yuri. N. Denisyuk is remarkable because of its simplicity and excellent quality of a holographic image. However, distribution of brightness of the reconstructed image, as a rule, is non-uniform. In the top of a zone of observation such image is brighter, than in the bottom. In this report it is explained, that the reason of this effect is the polarization of a recording beam. Also the way of elimination of non-uniformity of distribution of brightness of the reconstructed image in a zone of observation is proposed.

In the last decades, holography has been used in a wide variety of applications in many different fields. In this paper, a study case of using holography in High School teaching will be presented. A holographic system for white- light reflection and transmission holograms was implemented and developed for teaching optics to science and visual arts students. Particular emphasis will be put on basic holographic principles, experimental holographic techniques, chemical processing and color control of holograms. The results obtained show an improvement of the learning and creative processes and the advantages of interdisciplinary and co-operation between Universities and High Schools.

In a continuation of my search for an understanding of sunlight's relationship to the health of the human organism, I created the installation A Journey Through Bui-Bui; Lifting the Purdah of Mal-Illumination. It was exhibited in 1999 at The Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The entire work pivots around the image of the veil worn by Muslim women, as both content and metaphor related to the issue of the absence or presence of light in the physical body. The following paper will discuss the development of concepts and the technical progression of this recently completed large-scale mixed media work. This three-roomed installation integrated life casts of the human figure covered in veils, various sculptural elements, fiber optics, and dichromated gelatin (DCG) holograms. The DCG holographic glass objects were produced with an array of glass sculpting tools. I will also briefly discuss current work evolving out of this installation, which further explored the sculptural possibilities of glass and the coating and recording of DCG on curved surfaces.

Holographic thinking is everywhere although we do not realize it. Turn on your TV and you will see many representations of holographic images. It is in many science fiction movies, as well as in books and the news. Now, start your computer and search the Web. What do you see, a screen with plenty of little boxes or frames, each one containing information. You can choose to go deeper by clicking here and there, but ultimately all the little boxes are related to each other. What do you have? A holographic principle where each point stands by itself, containing the whole entity while composing part of it at the same time. The following paragraphs, discussing and evaluating the characteristics of holographic thinking can be read in any order you wish. Each paragraph contributes an understanding of just one aspect of all the ideas which cannot be limited to this paper alone.

Diode lasers now make it more viable to produce and display laser-viewable master holograms as ends in themselves. Unlike white-light viewable holograms though, laser- illuminated pieces present a more evident relationship between the holographic information and its reconstruction source; viewers are more aware of lasers than white lights. Diodes may therefore, have an appreciable impact on the content of a viewer's experience. The quality of this impact is at the artist's discretion through a series of decisions from the work's inception to its presentation. An analog array of impressions is possible; from a nearly transparent involvement of the laser/source, to a jarring sense of the laser as the creator. This paper addresses some of these considerations revealed in the author's recent exhibition Photon Missives. For example, is their subject matter best suited for diode illumination? What impact does laser wavelength have? How much attention is directed toward the reconstructing source? How do the design and physical appearance of the diode relate? As these formal issues play out broader values surface, too.

The making of holograms is better understood than their uses. As an artist who studied holography in Liverpool and at the Royal College of Art in London in the fine art section, I like to use this media in a quite unusual way avoiding the well-worn cliches of Laser-Light-Kitchen- Object-Table-Top-Photography and all these horrible, greenish, blinking plastics. After seeing a master and being introduced to its potential and being inspired by artists such as Rod Murray, Rick Silverman, Margaret Benyon, and Peter Miller I used to spend more time in the Laser- Laboratory than in my painting studio. However, this is no longer true. I have been working on the Millennium-Project since 1996. The project is the idea of Werner Lindemann who is creating a gigantic Amphitheater. On this site, I have the opportunity to meet all sorts of artists and craftsmen, such as opera singers, ceramics designers and architects, to whom I introduced several different large scale projects. Forced to work out installations of a minimum 20 square meters in dimension, I have developed what I call the None- Hologram.

Healing with color has been researched and documented worldwide for centuries. Every single part of the brain and every cell in the body is effected by light. Chinese and Russian scientists demonstrated that the acupuncture meridians transmit light. Dr. Peter Mandel, German chiropractic physician and acupuncturist, states that the acupuncture points are especially sensitive to electromagnetic waves within the spectrum of visible light and microwave energy, and all cells constantly emit and absorb small pockets of electromagnetic radiation or light, called biophotons. The harmony or disharmony of cells has been documented. Kirlian photography, to photography the aura was invented by Russians Semyon and Valentina Kirlian. Photo therapy and light research are being practiced worldwide. In the United States, Dr. Jacob Lieberman has written an influential book Light Medicine of the Future. In 1992 the first Light Years Ahead conference was held. (#5 1996) Dr. Brian Breiling and Dr. Lee Hartley brought together experts in the field to discuss the many potentials of light therapy. My present research in this area has focused on narrow band frequencies through the use of holography. Its therapeutic applications of color healing in this research are both critical and fundamental. My current work, The Chakras, seven reflection holograms on silver halide, relate to the wheels of light described in the earliest recorded Indian history. I will discus the chakras, this ancient metaphysical system under the new light of popular western metaphors and visionary art, how the chakras relate to the seven colors of the rainbow, the electromagnetic waves, and the connection to color holography in healing light therapy. I will be citing concurrent research in color healing, and the important areas of research that are necessary to have significant impact on future directions. Holography in the future will constitute a major frontier in discovery.

The possibility to easily record full color holograms, (simply color holograms) has opened new possibilities for art holographers. This paper includes details concerning preparation of subject matter and its practical suitability for color holographic recordings from practical working sessions at ARTCAPI Atelier de Recherche Technique et de Creation Artistique en Physique et en Informatique in France. Martin Richardson as invited artist and Hans Bjelkhagen as scientist holographer describe color holography to a wider public audience through artistic display. Both directly recorded true color images and computer-generated images based on the ZEBRA printing technique are to be presented.

Holography has been recognized as a medium for the confluence of art and science. Given this axiom (within the holographic community) this paper will examine the ways science has informed the work of an artist working with this medium. The evolution of the artwork as work in progress will be used as a case study to demonstrate a functioning hypotheses for this convergence. Central to this case study is the fundamental premise of holography as a unique medium with its own distinct palette including spatial, temporal and textual elements. In this paper the focus will be shifted away from the need to compare the qualitites of appearance of holograms to those of other media, and towards defining a distinct holographic palette. Integral to this will be a discussion of the processes involved in image rendering. The artist's decision-making process on the use of holography for the reproduction of objects, or as a means of generating images that are not derived from objects will be discussed. The case study explores a thematic or conceptual art/science link. The work is based on a subjective re-appropriation of terms that are normally used in an objective manner in scientific terminology. The discussion will expand on these notions and demonstrate the process by which the poetic license of the artist initiates movement through the layers of contextual definition of a given term. The artwork provides a means to apply a term on several levels, not normally associated with the single use of the term, in order to develop a visual holographic language.

Acknowledging the past can stimulate the future. This paper discusses the problems involved with archiving the activities or artists and producers active in creative holography. A system exists, within the world of science and research, for knowledge to be archived via conferences, symposia and published proceedings. Artists often find verbalizing or quantifying their activities both difficult and inadequate. Yet their experience and research is a valuable resource for progression in the field. How will pioneering events, which have taken place of the last 50 years, be accessible for artists new to the medium of art using holography? What archives exist and in what form? As the interest in creative holography migrates from museums and centers dedicated to the subject, to more diverse venues, is there a chance that we will begin to lose valuable knowledge and experience? High-speed communication, the Internet and World Wide Web have revolutionized the dissemination of information. Is there still a case for geographically based archives or must we all resort to digital facsimiles?

This paper concerns matters of visual perception and holographic manipulation. From the way we perceive the world to the different ways we are invited to manipulate and present it.

Teaching advanced holography to secondary students is tremendously rewarding, and at the same time presents many challenges. IN this paper, we describe our experiences teaching an advanced holography course as part of the Photonics Program at the Columbia Area Career Center in Columbia, Missouri. We also discuss how training in holography- using both simple and advanced techniques and equipment- prepares students for a variety of vocations involving laser technology.

A method to measure precisely the 2D portrait of patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery based on holography is presented. We record holograms of patients with a pulsed Nd:YLF laser system on high resolution photographic glass plates. These images contain the 3D spatial information which, due to the extremely short recording time, is not affected at all by involuntary movements. The reconstructed real image of the hologram is sliced into a series of 2D projections by means of a screen. A first approach to reconstruct the patient's 3D surface information from the captured data set is presented.

Our goal is to develop a re-writable holographic memory card system based on thin film polymer media on credit card size plastic carriers. Data is stored in our system in form of polarization holograms that present high efficiency and excellent suppression of higher orders even for thin material. Data is written on the card in a parallel way using spatial light modulators to encode the object beam that is Fourier transformed by a custom objective lens and interferes with the reference beam (of orthogonal polarization) on the card. We use reflective carrier in order to read out the data from the same side of the card. This allows us to have a compact system and standard ID 1 type carrier card. The optical system and the data organization are optimized to have a data density higher than 1bit/micrometers ². We expect to pass the limit of 10 bit/micrometers ² with the introduction of phase coded multiplexing that would provide more than 2Gbyte capacity if using half the card area as active surface.

We are developing a holographic memory card drive using thin polymer storage layer on credit card sized plastic carriers. The main features of the card are high storage density, re- writability and resistance to harsh environment (e.g. electromagnetic noise, mechanical intolerance, high temperature and humidity). The optical system of this device uses Fourier holograms to record information. The present communication deals with the optimization of the storage density by computer modeling of the system. The model is based on fast Fourier transformations, taking the parameters of the optical processes into account. The model was used to assess the performance of various parameter sets. The results are tested experimentally. The work suggests that storage density higher than 1 bit/micrometers ² may be achieved in the thin holograms of this memory card at raw bit error rate values below 10₃.

Optical storage properties of thin azobenzene side-chain polyester films were examined by polarization holographic measurements. The new amorphous polyester film is the candidate material for the purpose of rewritable holographic memory system. Temporal formation of anisotropic and topographic gratings was studied in case of films with and without a hard protective layer. We showed that the dominant contribution to the diffraction efficiency comes from the anisotropy in case of expositions below 1 sec even for high incident intensity. The usage of the same wavelength for writing, reading and erasing was tested. The ability of azobenzene polyester for rewriting was found satisfactory after many writing-erasing cycles.

The ability to create stable holographic grating is an important part of the production of many telecommunication products. The stability problem is increased by the need to use ultra-violet light for close fringe spacing and long exposure times on phot-resist - a relatively low sensitivity material. Active fringe locking increases the modulation depth and efficiency of these holographic gratings. A discussion of how fringe lockers work and how they can be incorporated into a manufacturing set-up is followed by results of using fringe lockers in the manufacturing of some telecommunication devices.

We introduce a new physical model for description of thin polarization holograms recorded and reconstructed with complex reference beams. Next we apply this model for two fundamentally different arrangements supposed to be used in a data storage system based on phase coded thin polarization holograms. On the basis of the model, we construct some computer programs for simulation of the storage system and optimization of the phase codes. We investigate the feasibility of multiplexed and security encrypted data storage in the form of thin polarization holograms based on the phase encoding method.

A short popular overview is given of the possibilities of finding new pulsed laser sources for making holograms. Special emphasis is made on wavelengths suitable for color holography.

We present details of a series of compact highly automated pulsed holographic camera systems that are designed for production runs of white-light-viewable reflection and rainbow holograms up to (and beyond) sizes of 110 x 150 cm. The series comprises a portable mastering camera called the GP-MINI, the studio cameras GP-2J and GP-5J, interferometric cameras GDP-8J and GDP-16J, professional copying machines such as the G3D and G3D-QF and the various HRIP^TM digital mastering machines. All studio cameras work in rainbow and reflection copying modes as well as in mastering code. The copy mode can also be used to produce copy holograms from masters written using digital data. Every camera machine in the series is highly automated, providing such features as instant switch-over from copying to mastering modes and permitting digital electronic setting of all beam ratios. All digital mastering machines integrate seamlessly into conventional computer networks.

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-Foot Bubble Chamber at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), during a physics run in a high energy neutrino beam. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, irradiating a conical volume of approx1.5m³. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of approx 120 micrometers have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the beam branching ratio (BBR). We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum- observable ration of BBR = (0.54 divided by 0.21) x 10₇. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications. This paper describes the various difficulties in achieving the success. It required the development of laser pulse stretching via enhanced closed loop control with slow Q- switching, to overcome excessive heating of the cryogenic liquid by the powerful laser beam. A sophisticated system of light-absorbing baffles had to be installed to avoid stray light reaching the holographic film. Optical decoupling of classical and holographic illumination systems was required. Real and virtual image replay machines for holograms were built, tailored to our illumination technique.

We used time average holography to study the propagation of transverse standing waves in thin metal rods. Theory predicts that the phase velocity of the standing waves depends on the rod material, cross section geometry, and the driving frequency. Time average holography was used to record the standing wave pattern produced in a rod, and from the standing wave pattern the phase velocity was determined. The phase velocity results were then compared to the phase velocity theory. Standing waves were excited at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 16 kHz. Circular rods with diameters of 1.30 cm and 1.90 cm were used, and the rod materials were steel, brass, and aluminum. The experiment is described in detail and the interpretation of time average holograms is explained for the benefit of students. The question of what happens in a time average hologram when more than one mode of oscillation is present in the rod is also explored.

Two fundamental problems have prevented the Leith-Upatnieks Transmission Hologram (LUTH) from popular public display enjoyed by reflection holograms. 1, A laser light source is needed for illumination, which should not exceed five milliwatts in output for the sake of eye safety; and 2, much space is needed behind the hologram for the reconstruction beam. Herein we discuss methods for creating a LUTH display system which is arbitrarily thin regardless of the size of the hologram and arbitrarily bright without safety problems.

I discuss our studio work in creating holographic portraiture with a decidedly popular appeal; describe new display techniques we have developed for use with standard halogen lighting as well as with a new generation of solid- state lasers and propose new directions for display holography.

"In co-operation with police and customs, the German division of IFPI could last week seize half a million of illicitly pressed CDs coming from the Ukraine. The United States of America are now menacing with commercial sanctions. With put in safe-keeping of 500,000 so-called ident counterfeiting at Frankfurt airport, the customs and IFPI wrote down the largest seizure of pirated copies in Germany. The commodity came from the Ukraine and had a commercial value of approximately DM 15 million."

The use of holograms and other diffractive optically variable devices have been used successfully in the fight against counterfeiting of security documents for several years. More recently they have become globally accepted as a key security feature on banknotes as reflected in their prime use on the Euronotes to be issues in 2002. The success of the design and origination of these images depends upon their strong visual appeal, their overt and covert content and the ability to offer unique features that provides an extremely difficult barrier for the would be counterfeiter to overcome. The basic design principles both for banknote and general security print application are discussed in this review document. TO be effective as a security device the image must be fit for the purpose. This means that the image must contain the level of overt and covert features that are easy to recognize, containing high level security features and form part of an educational program aimed at the product user and specifically trained security personnel. More specifically it must meet a clearly defined performance criteria.

Over the past few years security holograms have grown into a complex business to prevent counterfeiting of security cards, banknotes and the like. Rapid advances in holographic technology have led to a growing requirement for optical materials and coating methods to produce such holograms at reasonable costs. These materials have specific refractive indices and are used to fabricate semi- transparent holograms. The present paper describes a coating process to deposit optical coating on flexible films inside a vacuum web metallizer for the production of high quality semi-transparent holograms.