KEYWORDS: Light sources and illumination, Photoresistors, Optical sensors, Sensors, Control systems, Photonic integrated circuits, Resistance, Lamps, Power supplies, Analog electronics
Maintaining the lighting parameters in a specific zone at the required level often guarantees the safety of people in this zone. Diverse lighting requirements specified in the PN-EN 12464-2: 2014-05 standard can often be difficult to implement, especially taking into account other recommendations of this standard, for example at energy saving. For this reason, it is very important to carefully choose equipment and lighting system, take into account environment, maintenance program and maintenance characteristics of the lamp. The illuminance of lighting in outdoor work places also depends on daylight, which is affected by the time of the day, season or cloud cover.
This article will present the concept of using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to maintain the illumination at a certain level, regardless of the environmental conditions and time of the day. A control program will be created, the task of which will be to maintain the illuminance at the level required by the standard, thanks to monitoring the conditions in the workplace in real time. This solution will also enable reduction of energy consumption. Furthermore, appropriate control of lighting values on the surrounding area have a great impact on how quickly and comfortably an employee perceives and carries out the visual task.
Equipotential bondings are low-resistance electrical connections of various conductive parts, which aim is to equalize their potentials. In Poland, equipotential bondings are required in each building to which electricity has been supplied. If equipotential bondings have not been carried out, users are exposed to dangerous touch voltage between the simultaneously accessible conductive parts.
This paper will include an analysis of the requirements for protection against electric shock for locations containing a bath or shower, based on the PN-HD 60364-7-701:2010 standard. A computer simulation will be performed to indicate the probable dangerous situations. On its basis, there will be made an attempt to identify solutions that will guarantee the highest effectiveness and reliability of the protection against electric shock. Particular attention will be paid to the protection measures of the additional shock protection in the form of equipotential bondings.
A dynamic increase in the share of renewable energy sources in the power industry may cause various changes related to the optimal functioning of the entire power system [7], [10]. A high concentration of renewable energy sources in the power system may force the need to reconfigure the network in order to ensure optimal work. The article presents the impact of renewable energy sources on the location of MV grid division points. As the function of the target, the minimization of active power losses in the network was selected. The research was carried out for a dozen or so variants of network operation to determine the magnitude of the impact of these sources on the location of optimal network partition points. The optimization calculations were carried out using the Cuckoo Search algorithm (cuckoo search).
Some quantities in the power industry, are subject to random changes, depending on the current state of the network, atmospheric conditions, or unforeseen, in normal conditions, events. It is difficult to describe them with classical dependencies, therefore a probabilistic approach seems to be appropriate. While analyzing the measurements of these quantities, for a certain period of time, an appropriate probability distributions can be assigned to them. The article presents the results of such considerations, for selected variables based on their real values. It should be noted that some quantities result from others (due to the connection), they are a kind of compilation.
KEYWORDS: Algorithms, Photovoltaics, Optimization (mathematics), MATLAB, Network security, Renewable energy, Control systems, Monte Carlo methods, Medium wave, Electrical engineering
Medium voltage networks work as radial. In reality, however, such configurations of linear SN lines are provided, so that in the event of disturbances, do not completely deprive the receivers of power only to be able to make the changeover and feed them from another substation. For this reason, they are designed so that it is possible to connect with other MV lines. In the normal state these places are referred to as cut points and selected to minimize power losses. The article presents the method of optimal determination of cut points, using the heuristic optimization method. The calculations included two PV sources and their random nature of generation as well as loads in nodes.
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