The foundations of quantum approach to describe of distortion and delay of GPS signal passing through the D and E atmosphere layers are proposed. The problem is reduced to resonant scattering of photons, moving in electromagnetic field produced by the transmitter, on the Rydberg complexes formed in the two-temperature non-equilibrium plasma. The following two processes are considered. First process leads to a forming the creation of additional photons due to stimulated emission and direct increase in the power of the received signal. The second one provides a shift the carrier frequency signal and time delay of its propagation. It happens due to the resonant scattering of Rydberg electron on the ion core and molecule of neutral medium in the intermediate autoionization states due to the non-adiabatic coupling of electronic and nuclear motions. The purpose of our message is to determine the connection of resulting frequency shift and delay time of the satellite signal with the quantum dynamics inside the Rydberg complex consisting of a highly excited molecule and molecule of neutral medium. We note that in one act of resonant photon scattering, the delay time in the intermediate state of the complex is 10-10 s, i.e. they are peculiar traps for the GPS signals. Under normal geomagnetic conditions the total delay time of the signal arriving at the receiver is Δτ ~ 10-7 s. Next factor to be taken into account is the additional background incoherent microwave radiation from Rydberg complexes leading to an increase in the signal/noise ratio.
Lev Eppelbaum, Sergey Kouznetsov, Vladimir Vaksman, Claude Klepatch, Sergey Smirnov, Luodmila Sazonova, Natalia Korotaeva, Alexander Surkov, Sonya Itkis, Menashe Shemesh
Larson in 1991 put forward a hypothesis on the extremely high development of diamond-bearing kimberlites in the Mid-Cretaceous period. In Israel, the Cretaceous magmatic activity is well known in the central Negev. The first microdiamond in Israel was found in northern Negev and the authors associated its origin with an extraterrestrial event. An integrated analysis of several geological and geophysical factors enables us to select for detailed investigations the area of Makhtesh Ramon canyon situated near the town of Mizpe-Ramon (nothern Negev). Data of aero- and land magnetic surveys as well as self-potential method were analyzed using modern interpreting methods. Application of geochemical/geophysical ion-selective analysis testifies to presence of kimberlite-like bodies located at a small depth. Performed mineralogical analyses of subsurface geological associations allowed to identifying a variety of minerals of diamondiferous association: chrome-diopside, orange garnet, bright-crimson pyrope, picroilmenite, black spinel, olivine, anatase, tourmaline, aggregates of perovskite, yttrium phosphate, moissanite and corundum. The recent geochemical analyses signify to discovering of quasi-kimberlite rock -- meimechite, traces of REE and some platinum group elements also testify presence of diamondiferous associations. Finally, five diamonds (with a size exceeding 1 mm) and more than 400 microdiamonds (< 1 mm) have been discovered in this area. Thus, we can unambiguously concluding that the Makhtesh Ramon area contains typical products of kimberlite pipe destruction.
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