Long alkyl chain ligands such as oleic acid (OLA) which cover the as-prepared PbS nanodots act as an insulating layer
that impedes efficient charge transfer in PbS nanodots:polymer hybrid solar cells. The replacement of OLA with tailored
ligands of an appropriate chain length is needed to achieve a noticeable enhancement of photovoltaic performance.
Several studies have centered on the ligand exchange prior to casting the PbS film1,2,3. However, this post synthesis
approach requires careful consideration for the choice of a ligand as clustering of the nanodots has to be avoided.
Recently, a new approach that allows direct chemical ligand replacement in a blended mixture of PbS:P3HT has been
demonstrated 4,5,6. In this contribution, the latter approach (post-fabrication) was compared with the post-synthesis ligand
exchange. We investigated the effect of the ligand exchange processes to the charge separation dynamics in the
P3HT:PbS blends by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL). Hexanoic acid and acetic acid were used
as a short-length ligand for the post fabrication approach while decylamine, octylamine and butylamine were used for the
post-synthesis approach. As expected, decreasing the chain length of the ligand led to an increase of the P3HT
fluorescence quenching. The absence of enhancement of PbS luminescence due to energy transfer from P3HT and the
dependence of the quenching efficiency on the bulkiness of the ligands coating the QDs suggest that the quenching of the
P3HT fluorescence is dominated by electron transfer to PbS quantum dots (QDs). In addition, the fluorescence
quenching is also less prominent in the P3HT with higher regioregularity (RR) suggesting an enhanced phase separation
in the blend due to more densely packed nature of conjugated polymer with higher RR.
Blue emitting CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were encapsulated with the ligand 11-(N-carbazolyl) undecanoic acid
(C11). Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) experiments show an enhancement of the QD emission upon the excitation
of the carbazole ligand in solution compared to the situation where a solution with the same concentration of QDs capped
with oleic acid (OA) were excited at the same wavelength. This suggests energy transfer from the carbazole moiety to
the QD cores. When incorporating the QDs in a poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) matrix, a significant enhancement of the
QD emission upon the excitation of PVK was also observed indicating an efficient energy transfer from PVK to the QDs
in the case of C11 capped ligands. Confocal microscopy images of the doped PVK films show clearly better miscibility
of PVK and QDs capped with C11 compared with those capped with OA. Nanosecond time-resolved PL experiment
shows evidence of singlet transfer with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency of 39% for the QDs in
solution, while the efficiency of this process amounted to 15.6% for a PVK film doped with 30 wt% of the QDs. The
smaller efficiency of the singlet transfer compared to the overall efficiency of energy transfer, suggested by the
stationary PL spectra suggests an important role for triplet energy transfer.
Electroluminescent devices were prepared with the structure; ITO/PEDOT:PSS/doped PVK with C11 capped QDs/Butyl
PBD/Aluminum. Upon applying voltage, the devices show pure blue electroluminescence at low concentration of QDs
(10 wt%) with a turn on voltage close to 6V.
Colloidal photonic crystals, even with low refractive index contrast have a significant effect on the spontaneous emission
of internal emitters. This is observed as a modification of the emitters' fluorescence spectrum and as a narrowing and
shortening of the decay rate distribution. The decay rates are observed to be nonexponential. This modification was then
put to use by fabricating a photonic superlattice, consisting of several photonic crystal slabs deposited on top of each
other. Because of the two different photonic bandgaps and effective passband is created between the two and leads to
enhancement of emission in this spectral region. These experiments indicate that the threshold for lasing can possibly be
lowered by spectrally narrowing the emission of fluorophores infiltrated in suitably engineered self-assembled photonic
crystal superlattices, and are therefore important towards the realization of efficient all-optical integrated circuits from
functionalized photonic superlattices and heterostructures.
We present the systematic study of charge carrier mobility in 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) films doped
with a triplet-emitter material tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (Ir(ppy)3) - 1 wt% and 10 wt%. The hole mobility
was investigated with the time-of-flight (TOF) technique, as a function of electric field in the range 105 - 2 × 106 V/cm. For a CBP film doped with 1% of Ir(ppy)3 the hole mobility was also measured as a function of
temperature from 20° C to 70° C. The obtained hole mobilities in CBP film doped with 1% of Ir(ppy)3 are in
the range 5 × 10-10 - 3 × 10-7 cm2/Vs. The measured dependence of the hole mobility on temperature and
electric field is explained in the framework of the Gaussian disorder model of Bassler. Calculated values for the
effective energetic and the positional disorder are 162 meV and 4.2, respectively. The activation energy at zero
field is 0.58 eV. The mobility extrapolated to zero field and infinite temperature amounts to 6 × 10-4 cm2/Vs.
In CBP film doped with 10% of Ir(ppy)3 the hole mobilities are in the range 2 × 10-8 - 3 × 10-7 cm2/Vs. The observed increase of the hole mobility in Ir(ppy)3-doped CBP films with increasing doping concentration can be
attributed to hopping transport of charge carries via dopant molecules.
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