The object of the study is the marks for people with visual impairments, which are embedded in banknotes of various countries to identify the denominations of banknotes. The subject of the study is to determine the impact of choosing the type of marks for people with visual impairments on the recognition and identification of banknote denominations by people with blindness or low vision. The main hypothesis of the study is based on the fact that people with blindness or low vision can not or can identify different types of marks for people with visual impairment differently. Therefore, the use of some types of marks for the visually impaired on banknotes may not be effective. The study is designed to solve the problem of inefficient use of various marks for people with visual impairments on banknotes, which leads to incorrect identification of banknote denominations by people with blindness or low vision. An analysis of the tactile recognition systems of banknotes of more than 180 countries was carried out, and the main types of marks for people with visual impairments were determined. A classification of marks for people with visual impairments by application method, design, and location has been developed. Testing of various types of marks for people with visual impairments was conducted on the level of tactile sensation of the mark and the accuracy of banknote denomination identification with the involvement of people with various visual impairments, including blind people. The technique has been adapted to people with visual impairments, including blind people, and improved using the principles of fuzzy logic. As a result, it was determined that the most effective systems for identifying banknote denominations are those based on determining the number of blocks of marks printed on a banknote and using blocks of marks of sufficiently large sizes
Fractal geometry with its ability of description difficult and irregular models found application in different scientific disciplines. In a field of production and polygraphic production protection understanding properties of paper with watermarks has crucial role in authentication and quality assurance. Fractal analysis gives powerful instrument for quantity description of difficult templates, which are created with watermarks on paper substrates, what gives ability to get vital information about its difficulty and uniqueness. This article is a complex research, which focuses on calculation of fractal dimension of paper surfaces with watermarks with the help of advanced methods of displaying and computational analysis. In the result we have interdependencies of fractal dimensions between measurements with different level of distance.
Surface topograms obtained by mechanical, laser, optical, and electron-microscopic profilometry are widely used to study the micro profile parameters. Experimentally obtained topograms are widely used to evaluate the quality of metallic and non-metallic surfaces for various purposes, including in printing technologies for quality control of finished printing products, in particular, those produced by the intaglio printing method. Laser topograms describe the micro profile with matrices of ordinates on a rectangular grid of large dimensions. At the same time, the problem of estimating micro profile parameters as a whole arises. Therefore, research aimed at developing integrated methods of micro profile analysis is relevant. One of the ways to solve this problem is to consider the anisotropy of the geometric characteristics of the micro profile in all directions. In this paper, the possibility of determining the integral characteristics of the micro profile based on the topogram of the surface using a mathematical apparatus based on hyperspectral analysis and tensor calculation methods is substantiated. The proposed methods are based on the introduction of a special tensor field, which determines the characteristic directions of the location of peaks and valleys of the micro profile. In particular, a multiple (two-dimensional) Fourier series is used to describe the microprofile. The coefficients are found by integrating the experimentally measured laser topogram of the microprofile smoothed by cubic splines, corrected by multiplication by a special form factor. The coefficients of the series represent the spectral (hyperspectral) characteristic of the micro profile.
As the inhomogeneity of the paper structure in the areas of watermarks increases, the accuracy of the colour characteristics on the original print changes, as well as the uneven ink showing through on the back of the print, what causes unjustified withdrawal of suitable banknotes due to misjudgement of their condition as worn out. Therefore, to ensure the proper quality of automated sorting of banknotes, a methodology for predicting changes in the colour of the print return on special purpose paper should be developed taking into account its structural characteristics and a methodology for determining quantitative values of paper clearance characteristics with halftone watermarks.
We have developed a model of the medium color of the image, according to which the image moves away from the viewer at a certain distance, at which all the colors of the image are mixed, forming an inseparable color spot. That is, the image is converted into a conditional pixel, which is a mixture of colors of all its pixels. Based on the proposed model, it is possible to estimate the degree of closeness of the optical characteristics of the two images by the deviation of the average color. The method of medium color was realized with a specially designed program application for Kazakh Tenge as well as for Ukrainian Hryvnia evaluation. The measurement of optical characteristics was performed in the non-printed area near the watermark on both the face and reverse of the banknotes. The results show that the evaluation of the image by the deviation of the medium color according to the developed model is a fairly accurate indicator of wear of the printed layer, has an arithmetic mean error less than traditional optical evaluation methods - brightness change and color difference. Thus, the deviation of the medium color describes the human perception of banknote soiling fairly well. This method of medium color, which aims to eliminate the subjectivity of image evaluation, can be used to process both digital images and imprints.
Variants of optical systems of precise positioning of the mobile ground robotic complex of special purpose are offered. The main option includes dround-based optical beacons which form a triangular structure together with the complex and surveillance object . Changing the angles of this structure makes it possible to establish the precise position of the complex relative to the object. The design features of optical devices and analytical dependences for establishing the presice position of the complex are given. Simplified versions of optical devices using surface light sources (LEDs) are considered. Methods for determining the precision positioning and the complex by angular coordinates are proposed
The influence of the helicon discharge on the formation of the relief and chemical composition of the surface of single phase brass L63 is investigated. Two stages of formation of the structure of the sprayed layer of brass substrate during processing are revealed - smoothing of the surface relief and selective spraying of phase components of brass, which will create a surface with the necessary parameters to increase the adhesion of protective CrN coating..
Billions of banknotes in their daily circulation are determined as one of the important spreading ways of thousands of different microbes among the world's population. Therefore, the main factors influencing the degree of microbiological contamination of banknotes are considered. The influence of varnishing technological parameters, in particular the type of varnish cure on the surface, anilox roll line count, and anilox roll transfer volume, on the resistance of banknotes contamination, was studied to determine the option of UV varnishing, which will be the most optimal to improve the resistance of banknotes against to contamination. Also, the innovative technological processes of banknote surface antibacterial protection are proposed, in a particular banknote surface coating with varnishes that include silver nanoparticles, which have great bactericidal action. Methods of synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and organic solvents used for the inclusion into water-soluble and UV varnishes are considered. Conditions for the inclusion of silver nanoparticles in water-soluble and UV varnish have been established. The morphology and spectral characteristics of the obtained silver nanoparticles were studied. The methodology of decolorization of aqueous solutions of silver nanoparticles was developed in the paper, it was proposed to use such polymers as polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium polyphosphate to increase the stability of nanoparticles. The influence of varnish compositions - water-soluble and UV varnishes - on the stability and spectral characteristics of silver nanoparticles has been studied.
The intaglio printing is a security process and one of the obligatory ways to protect banknotes and other types of securities in majority of the world countries. One of distinguishing features of the intaglio printing process is that ink layer thickness transferred to substrate can be varied from 20 up to 200 μm. The aim of the investigation is to ascertain the correlation between ink layer formation and technological parameters of the intaglio printing process and to establish the best ink transferring condition. The designed and manufactured by the technology of direct laser engraving (DLE) model printing plate with various geometrical parameters of engraved printing elements. The samples surface topography was investigated using contact profiling and non-contact 3D light interferometry methods in combination. The resulting 2D images allow to get a 3D reconstruction of the surface. The average layer thickness values of printed strokes is about 21 μm using the SWA of engraved printing elements angle Kw=53°, while this value is about 29 μm using the sidewall angle of engraved printing elements angle Kw=90°. 3D light interferometry profiling made possible to prove and visible nonsymmetrical view of intaglio ink layers. It was observed that when the SWA of engraved printing elements increase the values of contact angles is increasing too – from 43° to 47° (left contact angle) and from 32° to 35° (right contact angle).
The microgeometry of the paper surface in the watermark area and beyond was investigated using an optical non-contact contactless profilometer. This made it possible to obtain quantitative characteristics of the surface roughness of the studied paper samples, to measure the height and depth of relief, to obtain the distribution of projections by area, as well as to construct a 2-D and 3-D images of the surface, to observe the interference images of the paper surface in white and in monochromatic light. It has been found that the structural parameters of the surface of the protected paper are not the same for areas with and without watermarks. The results of the interference-based measurement make it possible to determine promptly the roughness indices that are subsequently used to determine the surface quality of the paper and to calculate the strength of the ink layer in areas of paper without watermark and with a negative watermark. The constructed 3-D profiles of the paper surface clearly demonstrate the size and number of randomly arranged fibers and filler particles in the paper pulp in the watermark area and beyond, on a given scan path.
General soiling is the main reason for withdrawing banknotes from circulation. Optical characteristics are fundamental for determining deterioration during automated banknote sorting. A comparative study of the results of the Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH) banknote sorting by optical characteristics was conducted for banknotes withdrawn in 2009, 2012 and 2017. If in 2009 and 2012 due to general soiling, which is the main reason for the withdrawal of circulation for banknotes, 89,19% of the Ukrainian hryvnia were withdrawn from circulation, then in 2017 this figure has decreased already to 50%, depending on the denomination. Thus, the determined before and implemented the direction of priority research and development to increase the durability of the UAH - increasing the resistance to general soiling - has significantly improved the durability of UAH notes, since for other currencies the withdrawing due to the general soiling is 64 - 81%. It was found that the use of processing complexes allows to reliably assess the quality of the banknotes, although there are certain problems: there is a mistake not taking into account the simultaneous presence of various types of damage on one note and the return to circulation of deteriorated banknotes and unjustified removal of circulation of suitable banknotes due to an erroneous assessment of their status to be deteriorated.
A probabilistic model for the interaction of light beam with a color imprint was developed; the probability of scattering, reflection, absorption and transmission of light beam by components of imprint is investigated.
The values of the optical density of prints and reverse side on the areas with and without watermarks were obtained with different amount of ink. Correlation analysis of the interconnection between the structural characteristics of the paper and the optical characteristics of the print and its return revealed the likelihood of interaction of light beam with the structural elements of paper and ink.
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