We present a temporal statistical analysis of the array-level dark count behavior of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode
(GmAPD) focal plane arrays that distinguishes between Poissonian intrinsic dark count rate and non-Poissonian
crosstalk counts by considering “inter-arrival” times between successive counts from the entire array. For 32 x 32
format sensors with 100 μm pixel pitch, we show the reduction of crosstalk for smaller active area sizes within the
pixel. We also compare the inter-arrival time behavior for arrays with narrow band (900 - 1100 nm) and broad band
(900 - 1600 nm) spectral response. We then consider a similar analysis of larger format 128 x 32 arrays. As a
complement to the temporal analysis, we describe the results of a spatial analysis of crosstalk events. Finally, we
propose a simple model for the impact of crosstalk events on the Poissonian statistics of intrinsic dark counts that
provides a qualitative explanation for the results of the inter-arrival time analysis for arrays with varying degrees of
crosstalk.
The operation of avalanche photodiodes in Geiger mode by arming these detectors above their breakdown voltage provides high-performance single photon detection in a robust solid-state device platform. Moreover, these devices are ideally suited for integration into large format focal plane arrays enabling single photon imaging. We describe the design and performance of short-wave infrared 3D imaging cameras with focal plane arrays (FPAs) based on Geigermode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs) with single photon sensitivity for laser radar imaging applications. The FPA pixels incorporate InP/InGaAs(P) GmAPDs for the detection of single photons with high efficiency and low dark count rates. We present results and attributes of fully integrated camera sub-systems with 32 × 32 and 128 × 32 formats, which have 100 μm pitch and 50 μm pitch, respectively. We also address the sensitivity of the fundamental GmAPD detectors to radiation exposure, including recent results that correlate detector active region volume to sustainable radiation tolerance levels.
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