Using light, living cells can be manipulated to form several centimeter long waveguide structures, capable of guiding light through scattering media. Here, we will discuss some results of self-trapping and guiding of light in biological suspensions of different cells, including cyanobacteria, E. coli, and red blood cells. A forward-scattering theoretical model is developed which helps understand the experimental observations. Formed waveguides can provide effective guidance for weaker light through scattered bio-soft-matter. The ability to transmit light through turbid fluids with low loss could open up the possibilities for deep-tissue imaging, as well as noninvasive treatment and diagnostics.
Biological samples often have various absorption bands that need to be either targeted or avoided in opto-fluidic micromanipulation or biomedical imaging. With nonlinear optics, it is possible for light to self-induce a waveguide. However, the desired wavelengths may not be suitable to exhibit nonlinear self-guiding due to the absorption bands or the light-bioparticle interaction is not strong enough. Here we study formation of waveguides in red blood cell suspensions for a range of different wavelengths. We utilize nonlinear optical response for self-trapping of a laser beam, forming light guides in RBCs suspended in a phosphate buffer solution. To improve the number of usable light wavelengths over purely self-guided propagation, we use the master-slave relation, in a manner similar to the pump-probe experiment: a master beam creates a waveguide first in a scattering bio-soft-matter suspension over a few centimeters, and then a “slave” beam uses this waveguide to propagate through the medium. The slave beam, injected simultaneously, has no appreciable nonlinear self-action itself but experiences the master waveguide akin to an optical fiber. This new approach can provide a path to guide a wide range of wavelengths, including those in the absorption bands at lower power so as not to damage the sample. The fact that we can guide a wide range of wavelengths may bring about new applications in medicine and biology, for instance, in developing alternative solutions to transmit energy and information through scattering media, as needed in deep-tissue imaging, treatment and diagnostics.
Understanding the deformability and associated biomechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) is crucial for many pathological analysis and diagnosis of human diseases. In such endeavors, optical tweezers have played an active role over the past decades. Here, we study the RBC deformability by employing a novel “tug of war” (TOW) optical tweezers consist of a pair of elongated diverging accelerating beams that can stably trap and stretch a single RBC under different osmotic conditions without any tethering or mechanical movement. With a viscous drag method, we compare directly the trapping force at different states of RBCs, and find that even one arm of the TOW tweezers can apply a force of over 18pN with only 100mW laser power, more than 2 times stronger than that from the Gaussian trap at the same condition. Without the need of two independent controls as in a conventional dual trap, the spacing between the two TOW traps can be increased conveniently from 0 to over 9m, resulting in nearly 15% of cell deformation. We obtain the shear modulus of the RBCs in different osmotic conditions, with the largest value of 3.36±0.95pN/μm in the hypertonic case, and compare with those previously reported results. Our work may bring about a new photonic tool for the study of biomechanical properties of living cells, promising for applications such as distinguishing healthy and diseased cells.
We present a numerical analysis of the multiple scattering and random lasing properties in a two dimensional random system composed of super scatterers, which was proposed to enhance the scattering cross-section significantly. We find that the quasi-stationary leaky mode having the largest Q factor and being most prone to lase lies at the super scattering peak wavelength.
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